Laboratory Analysis (Biological Samples) This section focuses on identifying pathogens or parasites directly from the animals. Faecal Samples: Collecting waste to look for signs of infection. Microscopic Identification: Using techniques like flotation to make parasite eggs float to the top of a liquid so they can be easily seen under a microscope. Molecular Identification (DNA): Using high-tech tools to identify the exact genetic "fingerprint" of a pathogen. Example: Using PCR to amplify DNA and looking at specific regions (like ITS-2) to distinguish between very similar species of worms or bacteria. ELISA: A biochemical test used to detect specific antibodies or antigens in a sample, often used to see if an animal has been exposed to a particular disease. 2. Management Surveys (Structured Questionnaires) This section focuses on the human/environmental factors that might contribute to the animals' health status. Feeding: What are the animals eating? (e.g., Is it contaminated? Is it nutritionally complete?) Housing: Where do they live? (e.g., Is it overcrowded? Is it clean or damp?) Veterinary Care: How often do they see a professional? (e.g., Are they vaccinated or dewormed regularly?) Summary Table Method Focus Goal Laboratory The "What" Identifying the specific parasite or bacteria present. Survey The "Why" Understanding the living conditions