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To turn off VS2, replace it with a short circuit. The circuit then consists of R1 in series with the parallel combination of R2 and R3.

Physics

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Step-by-step solution

3 steps
  1. Analyze the circuit with VS1V_{S1} active and VS2V_{S2} turned off.

    To turn off VS2V_{S2}, replace it with a short circuit. The circuit then consists of R1R_1 in series with the parallel combination of R2R_2 and R3R_3.
    The equivalent resistance of R2R_2 and R3R_3 in parallel is:

    R23=R2×R3R2+R3=470 Ω×470 Ω470 Ω+470 Ω=220900 Ω2940 Ω=235 ΩR_{23} = \frac{R_2 \times R_3}{R_2 + R_3} = \frac{470\,\Omega \times 470\,\Omega}{470\,\Omega + 470\,\Omega} = \frac{220900\,\Omega^2}{940\,\Omega} = 235\,\Omega

    The total resistance seen by VS1V_{S1} is:

    Rtotal1=R1+R23=470 Ω+235 Ω=705 ΩR_{total1} = R_1 + R_{23} = 470\,\Omega + 235\,\Omega = 705\,\Omega

    The total current flowing from VS1V_{S1} is:

    Itotal1=VS1Rtotal1=12 V705 ΩI_{total1} = \frac{V_{S1}}{R_{total1}} = \frac{12\,V}{705\,\Omega}

    This current splits between R2R_2 and R3R_3. Since R2=R3R_2 = R_3, the current divides equally. The current through R2R_2 due to VS1V_{S1} (IR2,S1I_{R2,S1}) is:

    IR2,S1=Itotal12=12 V/705 Ω2=6 V705 Ω≈0.008511 A=8.511 mAI_{R2,S1} = \frac{I_{total1}}{2} = \frac{12\,V / 705\,\Omega}{2} = \frac{6\,V}{705\,\Omega} \approx 0.008511\,A = 8.511\,mA

    The direction of this current is downwards through R2R_2.
    The voltage across R2R_2 due to VS1V_{S1} (VR2,S1V_{R2,S1}) is:

    VR2,S1=IR2,S1×R2=6 V705 Ω×470 Ω=2820705 V=4 VV_{R2,S1} = I_{R2,S1} \times R_2 = \frac{6\,V}{705\,\Omega} \times 470\,\Omega = \frac{2820}{705}\,V = 4\,V

    The polarity is positive at the top of R2R_2.

  2. Analyze the circuit with VS2V_{S2} active and VS1V_{S1} turned off.

    To turn off VS1V_{S1}, replace it with a short circuit. The circuit then consists of R3R_3 in series with the parallel combination of R1R_1 and R2R_2.
    The equivalent resistance of R1R_1 and R2R_2 in parallel is:

    R12=R1×R2R1+R2=470 Ω×470 Ω470 Ω+470 Ω=220900 Ω2940 Ω=235 ΩR_{12} = \frac{R_1 \times R_2}{R_1 + R_2} = \frac{470\,\Omega \times 470\,\Omega}{470\,\Omega + 470\,\Omega} = \frac{220900\,\Omega^2}{940\,\Omega} = 235\,\Omega

    The total resistance seen by VS2V_{S2} is:

    Rtotal2=R3+R12=470 Ω+235 Ω=705 ΩR_{total2} = R_3 + R_{12} = 470\,\Omega + 235\,\Omega = 705\,\Omega

    The total current flowing from VS2V_{S2} is:

    Itotal2=VS2Rtotal2=18 V705 ΩI_{total2} = \frac{V_{S2}}{R_{total2}} = \frac{18\,V}{705\,\Omega}

    This current splits between R1R_1 and R2R_2. Since R1=R2R_1 = R_2, the current divides equally. The current through R2R_2 due to VS2V_{S2} (IR2,S2I_{R2,S2}) is:

    IR2,S2=Itotal22=18 V/705 Ω2=9 V705 Ω≈0.012766 A=12.766 mAI_{R2,S2} = \frac{I_{total2}}{2} = \frac{18\,V / 705\,\Omega}{2} = \frac{9\,V}{705\,\Omega} \approx 0.012766\,A = 12.766\,mA

    The direction of this current is downwards through R2R_2.
    The voltage across R2R_2 due to VS2V_{S2} (VR2,S2V_{R2,S2}) is:

    VR2,S2=IR2,S2×R2=9 V705 Ω×470 Ω=4230705 V=6 VV_{R2,S2} = I_{R2,S2} \times R_2 = \frac{9\,V}{705\,\Omega} \times 470\,\Omega = \frac{4230}{705}\,V = 6\,V

    The polarity is positive at the top of R2R_2.

  3. Combine the results to find the total current and voltage for R2R_2.

    Since both IR2,S1I_{R2,S1} and IR2,S2I_{R2,S2} flow in the same direction (downwards through R2R_2), they add up.

    IR2=IR2,S1+IR2,S2=6 V705 Ω+9 V705 Ω=15 V705 ΩI_{R2} = I_{R2,S1} + I_{R2,S2} = \frac{6\,V}{705\,\Omega} + \frac{9\,V}{705\,\Omega} = \frac{15\,V}{705\,\Omega}
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