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A) In a tabular form, differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.

Biology

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Part a

In a tabular form, differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.

FeatureMitosisMeiosis
Type of cellsSomatic cellsGerm cells (for gamete formation)
Number of divisionsOneTwo (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
Number of daughter cellsTwoFour
Ploidy of daughter cellsDiploid (2n2n)Haploid (nn)
Genetic identityGenetically identical to parent cellGenetically different from parent cell
Crossing overDoes not occurOccurs during Prophase I
PurposeGrowth, repair, asexual reproductionSexual reproduction (gamete formation), genetic variation

Part b

State the secondary sexual characteristics in human females.

  1. Development of breasts.
  2. Widening of hips.
  3. Growth of pubic and axillary (armpit) hair.
  4. Onset of menstruation (menarche).
  5. Increase in body fat deposition, particularly around hips and thighs.

Part c· 3 steps

Using genetic symbols and diagrams, determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring of a man and a woman who both have the sickle cell trait (heterozygous).

Let HbA\text{Hb}^{\text{A}} represent the allele for normal hemoglobin.
Let HbS\text{Hb}^{\text{S}} represent the allele for sickle cell hemoglobin.

Parents' genotypes: Both are heterozygous for the sickle cell trait, so their genotype is HbAHbS\text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}}.

  1. Determine the gametes produced by each parent.

    Each parent (HbAHbS\text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}}) can produce two types of gametes: HbA\text{Hb}^{\text{A}} and HbS\text{Hb}^{\text{S}}.

  2. Construct a Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of the offspring.

    GametesHbAHbSHbAHbAHbAHbAHbSHbSHbAHbSHbSHbS\begin{array}{|c|c|c|} \hline \text{Gametes} & \text{Hb}^{\text{A}} & \text{Hb}^{\text{S}} \\ \hline \text{Hb}^{\text{A}} & \text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{A}} & \text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}} \\ \hline \text{Hb}^{\text{S}} & \text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}} & \text{Hb}^{\text{S}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}} \\ \hline \end{array}

  3. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

    • Genotypes:

      • HbAHbA\text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{A}}: 1 out of 4, or 25%
      • HbAHbS\text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}}: 2 out of 4, or 50%
      • HbSHbS\text{Hb}^{\text{S}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}}: 1 out of 4, or 25%

    • Phenotypes:

      • Normal (no sickle cell trait or disease): HbAHbA\text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{A}} - 25%
      • Sickle Cell Trait (carrier, generally healthy): HbAHbS\text{Hb}^{\text{A}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}} - 50%
      • Sickle Cell Anemia (affected): HbSHbS\text{Hb}^{\text{S}}\text{Hb}^{\text{S}} - 25%
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