A flowering plant consists of two main systems: the root system and the shoot system. Root System: Primary Root: The main root that grows vertically downwards. Lateral Roots: Branches that emerge from the primary root. Root Cap: A protective layer of cells covering the tip of the root. Root Hairs: Fine, hair-like extensions that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption. Shoot System: Stem: The main axis of the plant, supporting leaves, flowers, and fruits. Nodes: Points on the stem where leaves and branches arise. Internodes: The segments of the stem between two nodes. Axillary Bud: A bud located in the axil (angle) between a leaf and the stem, capable of forming a branch or flower. Apical Bud (Terminal Bud): The bud at the tip of the stem, responsible for primary growth in length. Leaves: The primary organs for photosynthesis. Petiole: The stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem. Lamina (Leaf Blade): The broad, flat part of the leaf. Midrib: The central vein of the leaf. Veins: Vascular bundles within the leaf that transport water and nutrients. Stipules: Small, leaf-like appendages at the base of the petiole (not always present). Flower: The reproductive structure of the plant. Sepals: Leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the bud. Petals: Often brightly colored, attracting pollinators. Stamen (Male Reproductive Part): Anther: Produces pollen. Filament: Supports the anther. Pistil/Carpel (Female Reproductive Part): Stigma: Receptive tip for pollen. Style: Connects the stigma to the ovary. Ovary: Contains ovules, develops into the fruit after fertilization. Ovules: Contain the female gametes, develop into seeds after fertilization. Fruit: The mature ovary, enclosing the seeds. Seed: The mature ovule, containing an embryo and food reserves, capable of developing into a new plant.