Briefly explain the roles of lipids, proteins, and enzymes in the human body. Describe the functions of bile juice in digestion.

Process II is hydrolysis, which is the breakdown of a compound by reaction with water. In a laboratory, this process can be accelerated by heating the mixture and/or by adding a catalyst such as an acid (e.g., dilute hydrochloric acid) or an enzyme.

While glycerol is a common component of all triglycerides (lipids), the difference between corn oil and coconut oil lies in their fatty acid composition. Corn oil contains a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, which have lower melting points, causing it to be liquid at room temperature. Coconut oil contains a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, which have higher melting points, causing it to be solid at room temperature.

Two functions of proteins are:

• Growth and repair of body tissues.
• Production of enzymes, hormones, and antibodies for various bodily functions and defense.

Two functions of bile juice in digestion are:

• Emulsification of fats: It breaks down large fat globules into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for lipase action.
• Neutralization of acidic chyme: It neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach, providing an optimal alkaline pH for the action of pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.

Pepsin is secreted in its inactive form, pepsinogen, to prevent it from digesting the proteins of the stomach wall itself (autodigestion). It is only activated into pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach lumen.

Another enzyme that is also secreted in an inactive form is trypsin (secreted as trypsinogen).

Two roles of hydrochloric acid produced by the wall of the human stomach are:

• It provides an acidic medium (optimal pH) for the action of pepsin, which digests proteins.
• It kills most bacteria ingested with food, preventing infections.

Two functions of the large intestine in humans are:

• Absorption of water and mineral salts from undigested food material.
• Storage and elimination of undigested waste material (feces) from the body.

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