For an X-linked recessive condition, the frequency of affected males (q) is equal to the frequency of the recessive allele.

$$q^2 = (0.10)^2 = 0.01$$

The expected frequency of affected females is 0.01.

The correct option is D. .01

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11. The following genotypes are found in a population AA= 70, Aa= 50 and aa= 20; What are the allele frequencies of A and a?

Each AA individual contributes two A alleles, and each Aa individual contributes one A allele.

$$p = \frac{(2 \times \text{Number of AA}) + (\text{Number of Aa})}{\text{Total alleles}}$$ $$p = \frac{(2 \times 70) + 50}{280} = \frac{140 + 50}{280} = \frac{190}{280} \approx 0.67857$$

Rounding to two decimal places, $p \approx 0.68$.

Each aa individual contributes two a alleles, and each Aa individual contributes one a allele. Alternatively, $q = 1 - p$.

$$q = \frac{(2 \times \text{Number of aa}) + (\text{Number of Aa})}{\text{Total alleles}}$$ $$q = \frac{(2 \times 20) + 50}{280} = \frac{40 + 50}{280} = \frac{90}{280} \approx 0.32143$$

Rounding to two decimal places, $q \approx 0.32$.
(Alternatively, $q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.68 = 0.32$)

The allele frequencies are A = 0.68 and a = 0.32.

The correct option is B. A = 0.68 and a = 0.32

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12. The tendency of an offspring to resemble its parent is known as

The tendency of an offspring to resemble its parent is due to the transmission of genetic traits from one generation to the next. This biological process is known as heredity.

The correct option is B. Heredity

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13. A person with sickle cell trait, having one S allele and one normal, will be resistant to malaria and eventually develop sickle cell anemia.

Individuals with sickle cell trait (heterozygous, HbAS) possess one allele for normal hemoglobin and one allele for sickle cell hemoglobin. This genotype provides resistance to malaria. However, these individuals typically do not develop severe sickle cell anemia; they are carriers of the trait. Therefore, the statement that they will eventually develop sickle cell anemia is incorrect.

The correct option is B. False

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14. For a woman living in the Ghana, which genotype would be the most advantageous to have?

In regions like Ghana where malaria is endemic, the sickle cell trait (heterozygous genotype, HbAS) offers a significant advantage. Individuals with this genotype are resistant to malaria, which is a major cause of mortality, and generally do not suffer from the severe symptoms of sickle cell anemia.

• Homozygous for the sickle cell allele (HbSS) leads to severe sickle cell anemia, which is often fatal.
• Homozygous for the normal hemoglobin allele (HbAA) makes an individual susceptible to malaria.

Therefore, the heterozygous genotype is the most advantageous.

The correct option is B. heterozygous for the sickle cell allele

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15. The crossing of F1 to either of the parents is known as

In genetics, a cross between an F1 individual (first filial generation) and either of its parental genotypes is specifically termed a back cross. A test cross is a specific type of back cross where the F1 individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive parent.

The correct option is B. Back cross