Kwame's mutation is a somatic mutation. It occurred in his body cells (specifically, a subset of cells leading to lymphoma) and was not passed on to his children. Somatic mutations affect only the i

1a)
Kwame's mutation is a somatic mutation. It occurred in his body cells (specifically, a subset of cells leading to lymphoma) and was not passed on to his children. Somatic mutations affect only the individual in whom they arise and are not heritable.
Kojo's mutation is a germline mutation. It occurred in his reproductive lineage (germ cells) and was passed on to his sons, Kuuku and Kobi. Germline mutations are heritable and can be transmitted to offspring.

1b)
The type of inheritance shown in Kojo's family is Y-linked inheritance. Kojo, the father, passed the mutation to his two sons, Kuuku and Kobi, but not to his daughter, Akosua. This pattern of transmission exclusively from father to sons is characteristic of genes located on the Y chromosome.

1c)
Kojo's mutation would be subject to natural selection. The basis for this is its heritability. Natural selection acts on traits that are passed down through generations. Kwame's mutation is somatic and therefore not heritable, meaning it cannot be passed to offspring and thus cannot be acted upon by natural selection across generations. Kojo's mutation, being a germline mutation, is heritable. Although the mutation is currently described as benign, if it were to confer any selective advantage or disadvantage (e.g., affecting survival or reproduction) in the future, it could be subject to natural selection because it is present in the gene pool of subsequent generations.