This biology question covers important biological concepts and processes. The step-by-step explanation below helps you understand the underlying mechanisms and reasoning.
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Step 1: Answer Question 1. a) Parthenocarpy* is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization of ovules, resulting in seedless fruits. *b) Two features in flowering plants that prevent self-fertilization are: • Dichogamy: The stamens and carpels mature at different times. • Self-incompatibility: The pollen from the same plant is unable to germinate on the stigma or fertilize the ovules. • Heterostyly: Different lengths of stamens and styles in different flowers of the same species. • Unisexuality: Flowers are either male or female, not both. Step 2: Answer Question 5. a) The type of joint shown in the diagram is a synovial joint* (specifically, a hinge joint or condyloid joint, given it's in the mandibular body, it's the temporomandibular joint which is a complex synovial joint). *b) • Z: Mandible (lower jaw bone) • U: Cartilage (articular cartilage) *c) Two functions of the fluid found in W (synovial fluid) are: • Lubrication: Reduces friction between the articular cartilages during movement. • Nourishment: Supplies nutrients to the articular cartilage. • Shock absorption: Distributes pressure across the joint surfaces. d) The type of muscle found attached to bone Z (mandible) is skeletal muscle*. *e) Two differences between skeletal muscle and the muscle found in the gut (smooth muscle) are: • Skeletal muscle is striated (has visible bands), while smooth muscle is non-striated. • Skeletal muscle contraction is voluntary, while smooth muscle contraction is involuntary. • Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated, while smooth muscle cells are uninucleated. Step 3: Answer Question 6. *a) To plot the graphs: • Draw a horizontal axis (x-axis) for "Time of day" from 6 am to 12 am. • Draw a vertical axis (y-axis) for "Volume of carbon (IV) oxide (cm³/min)". • Plot the "CO2 consumption" data points: (6am, 0), (8am, 18), (10am, 50), (12pm, 91), (2pm, 69), (4pm, 43), (6pm, 0), (8pm, 0), (10pm, 0), (12am, 0). Connect these points to form the CO2 consumption curve. • Plot the "CO2 release" data points: (6am, 48), (8am, 48), (10am, 31), (12pm, 6), (2pm, 3), (4pm, 10), (6pm, 22), (8pm, 38), (10pm, 47), (12am, 48). Connect these points to form the CO2 release curve. • Label both curves clearly (e.g., "CO2 Consumption" and "CO2 Release"). *b) i) The rate of carbon (IV) oxide consumption was highest at 12 pm* (midday). *ii) This is because light intensity is usually highest at midday, which maximizes the rate of photosynthesis. *c) i) The rate of carbon (IV) oxide release was highest at 6 am and 12 am* (or generally during the night/early morning). *ii) This is because during these times, there is no light for photosynthesis, so only respiration occurs, leading to a net release of CO2. The rate of respiration is relatively constant but appears highest when not masked by photosynthesis. d) There was no carbon (IV) oxide consumption between 6 pm and 6 am because there was no light* during this period. Carbon (IV) oxide consumption in plants is primarily due to photosynthesis, which requires light. e) The process being investigated in this experiment is photosynthesis* (and respiration, but consumption specifically refers to photosynthesis). *f) Two ways in which photosynthesis is important to plants are: • It produces glucose (food) for the plant's growth and energy needs. • It produces oxygen as a byproduct, which is used by the plant for respiration and released into the atmosphere. That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.