What are the differences between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, and what are adaptations of xylem vessels?

13. a) i) The gas that diffuses to the body cells is Oxygen.

    $$\boxed{\text{Oxygen}}$$

    ii) The gas that diffuses from the body cells is Carbon (IV) oxide.

    $$\boxed{\text{Carbon (IV) oxide}}$$

    b) The compound that dissociates to release oxygen is Oxyhaemoglobin.

    $$\boxed{\text{Oxyhaemoglobin}}$$

14. a)

    	Monocotyledonous	Dicotyledonous
    i) Pattern of leaf veins	Parallel venation	Net-like (reticulate) venation
    ii) Number of petals present	In multiples of three	In multiples of four or five

    b) Division Pteridophyta is considered more advanced than division Bryophyta because Pteridophytes possess a vascular system (xylem and phloem) for efficient transport of water and nutrients, and have true roots, stems, and leaves, which Bryophytes lack.

    $$\boxed{\text{Pteridophytes have a vascular system and true roots, stems, and leaves}}$$

15. Three adaptations of xylem vessels and their functions are:

    • Lignified walls: Provide mechanical support to the plant and prevent the vessels from collapsing under tension during water transport.
    • Continuous hollow tubes: Form an uninterrupted pipeline for efficient and rapid transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.
    • Narrow lumen: Increases the effect of capillary action, aiding in the upward movement of water.
    $$\boxed{\text{Lignified walls (support), Continuous hollow tubes (efficient transport), Narrow lumen (capillary action)}}$$

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