This biology question covers important biological concepts and processes. The step-by-step explanation below helps you understand the underlying mechanisms and reasoning.
ScanSolve AI Answer
Right Mbaliey, let's go. First, let's establish the alleles based on the key: • Unshaded (have dimples): Dominant allele (let's use D) • Shaded (no dimples): Recessive allele (let's use d) Therefore, individuals with dimples have genotype DD or Dd. Individuals with no dimples have genotype dd. 3.1 To find how many family members have dimples, we count all the unshaded individuals in the pedigree chart. Unshaded individuals are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13. Counting these individuals: 11 family members have dimples. 11 3.2 a) Step 1: Identify individual 3. Individual 3 is an unshaded square, meaning he has dimples. His genotype is either DD or Dd. Step 2: Observe his offspring. Individual 10 is a shaded circle, meaning she has no dimples (dd). Step 3: For individual 10 to have genotype dd, she must have inherited one d allele from individual 3 and one d allele from individual 4. Step 4: Since individual 3 has dimples but carries a d allele, his genotype must be heterozygous. a) The genotype of individual 3 is: Dd b) Step 1: Identify individual 4. Individual 4 is an unshaded circle, meaning she has dimples. Her genotype is either DD or Dd. Step 2: Observe her offspring. As determined in 3.2a, individual 10 has no dimples (dd). Step 3: For individual 10 to have genotype dd, she must have inherited one d allele from individual 3 and one d allele from individual 4. Step 4: Since individual 4 has dimples but carries a d allele, her genotype must be heterozygous. b) The genotype of individual 4 is: Dd 3.3 a) Step 1: Identify individual 2. Individual 2 is an unshaded circle, meaning she has dimples. Her genotype is either DD or Dd. Step 2: Individual 2 mates with individual 1, who is a shaded square, meaning he has no dimples (dd). Step 3: They have four children: individuals 5, 6, 7, and 8. All four children are unshaded, meaning they all have dimples (D\_). Step 4: If individual 2 were heterozygous (Dd), a cross with individual 1 (dd) would result in 50\% of offspring having no dimples (dd). Since none of their four children have no dimples, it is highly probable that individual 2 is homozygous dominant. a) Individual 2 is: Homozygous b) Step 1: Identify individual 9. Individual 9 is an unshaded square, meaning he has dimples. His genotype is either DD or Dd. Step 2: Individual 9 has a child, individual 12, who is a shaded square, meaning he has no dimples (dd). Step 3: For individual 12 to have genotype dd, he must have inherited one d allele from individual 9 and one d allele from individual 8. Step 4: Since individual 9 has dimples but carries a d allele, his genotype must be heterozygous. b) Individual 9 is: Heterozygous 3.4 Step 1: Identify individual 2. Step 2: Identify individual 8. Individual 8 is the daughter of individual 2. Step 3: Identify individual 12. Individual 12 is the son of individual 8. Step 4: Therefore, individual 2 is the mother of individual 8, who is the mother of individual 12. The family relationship between individual 12 and individual 2 is: Maternal grandmother What's next?