V What is cell injury

Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to stress or damage that exceeds their adaptive capacity. This can be caused by various factors, including hypoxia (lack of oxygen), physical agents (trauma, temperature extremes), chemical agents (toxins, drugs), infectious agents (bacteria, viruses), and immunologic reactions. When a cell is injured, it can lead to reversible injury, where the cell can recover if the stress is removed, or irreversible injury, which results in cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).