According to Ralph Tyler's curriculum model, what is the first and most crucial step? How does an examination-driven system link this step to curriculum design?

Question 13: According to Ralph Tyler's curriculum model, the first and most crucial step is defining clear predetermined objectives. In an examination-driven teaching system, these objectives are often directly linked to what will be assessed in examinations. Therefore, the curriculum and instruction are designed specifically to help students achieve these testable objectives, reinforcing an examination-driven approach. The correct option is a. a. Predetermined objectives b. Learner autonomy c. Informal learning d. Flexible assessment