During the dark stage of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle), carbon dioxide is fixed and converted into glucose. This process utilizes the ATP and NADPH energy carriers produced during the light-d

7. During the dark stage of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle), carbon dioxide is fixed and converted into glucose. This process utilizes the ATP and NADPH energy carriers produced during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize sugars.

8. a)

• P: Epidermal cell
• R: Stomatal pore

b) Part Q (guard cell) is adapted to its function by having chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis, which helps regulate its turgor. Its inner cell walls are thicker than the outer walls, causing the cells to bow outwards and open the stomatal pore when turgid. They also have a kidney or bean shape to facilitate this opening and closing.