1. A variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. It is called a variable because the value can vary among individuals or over time. 2. • An independent variable is the factor that is changed or controlled by the researcher to test its effects on another variable. It is the cause. • A dependent variable is the factor that is measured or observed, and it is expected to change as a result of the independent variable. It is the effect. Examples: 1. In a study examining how different amounts of fertilizer affect plant growth: Independent variable*: Amount of fertilizer used. Dependent variable*: Plant growth (e.g., height, number of leaves). 2. In a study investigating the impact of study hours on exam scores: Independent variable*: Number of hours spent studying. Dependent variable*: Exam scores. 3. The null hypothesis (H₀) states that there is no significant relationship or difference between variables, or no effect of an intervention. It is the statement that researchers try to disprove. The alternate hypothesis (H₁) states that there is a significant relationship or difference between variables, or that an intervention does have an effect. It is the statement that researchers are trying to prove. 4. Two types of research are: • Quantitative research: This type focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis to test hypotheses and establish relationships between variables. • Qualitative research: This type explores non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations, to understand experiences, perspectives, and meanings in depth. What's next? Send 'em 📸