Define execution in programming.

Execution in programming refers to the process by which a computer system carries out the instructions of a computer program. During execution, the central processing unit (CPU) reads and performs the operations specified in the program's code, transforming input into output.

Control structures are fundamental programming constructs that dictate the order in which instructions are executed, thereby influencing the execution flow. Normally, instructions run sequentially, but control structures allow for decisions, repetitions, and jumps.

• Conditional statements (e.g., if-else, switch) enable the program to choose which block of code to execute based on whether a specified condition is true or false, creating branching paths in the flow.
• Loops (e.g., for, while, do-while) allow a block of code to be repeated multiple times, either for a predetermined number of iterations or until a certain condition is met, enabling iterative execution.