Define the following terms in the context of Artificial Intelligence: intelligent agent, problem formulation, game components, Turing Test, and BFS time complexity.

PART-I

a) An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity that perceives its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment using actuators to achieve goals. It strives to perform the best possible action based on its percepts and knowledge.

b) A formal definition of a problem in AI typically involves defining the initial state, the set of possible actions, a transition model describing the results of actions, a goal test to determine if a state is a goal state, and a path cost function.

c) The components of a game in AI typically include the initial state, actions available to each player, a transition model describing the outcome of actions, a terminal test to check if the game is over, and a utility function (or payoff function) that gives a numerical value for the outcome of the game.

d) The Turing Test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. It involves a human interrogator conversing with both a human and a machine, trying to determine which is which.

e) The time complexity of Breadth-First Search (BFS) is typically expressed as $O(V+E)$, where $V$ is the number of vertices (nodes) and $E$ is the number of edges in the graph. In terms of state space, it is $O(b^d)$, where $b$ is the branching factor and $d$ is the depth of the shallowest goal node.

f) First-Order Logic (FOL), also known as First-Order Predicate Logic, is a formal system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It allows for quantification over variables, enabling statements about properties of objects and relationships between them, unlike propositional logic which only deals with propositions.

g) Parsing a sentence in a language refers to the process of analyzing a string of symbols (like words in a sentence) to determine its grammatical structure according to a given formal grammar. This typically involves building a parse tree or abstract syntax tree.

h) A neural network is a computational model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks. It consists of interconnected nodes (neurons) organized in layers, which process and transmit information to learn patterns and make decisions from data.

PART-II

a) An agent function is a mathematical function that maps a percept sequence (the history of everything an agent has ever perceived) to an action. It dictates the agent's behavior. For example, a vacuum cleaner agent's function might map "dirt detected" to "suck" and "no dirt, not at edge" to "move right".

b) A percept is the agent's complete input from the sensors at any given instant. A percept sequence is the entire history of everything the agent has ever perceived since its inception.

c) The PEAS description for an Automated taxi driving agent is:

• Performance Measure: Safety, reaching destination, fuel efficiency, comfort, legality, maximizing profit.
• Environment: Roads, traffic, pedestrians, customers, other vehicles, weather, road signs.
• Actuators: Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, horn, display screen, gear shift.
• Sensors: Cameras, GPS, speedometer, odometer, engine sensors, sonar, microphone, keyboard, touchscreen.

d) A deterministic environment is one where the next state of the environment is completely determined by the current state and the action executed by the agent. There is no uncertainty about the outcome of actions.