Define and explain the following network topologies: Star, Ring, Bus, and Mesh.

Here are the definitions of the network topologies listed:

• Star topology: In a star topology, all network devices are connected to a central hub, switch, or server. Data must pass through this central device to reach any other device on the network.
• Ring topology: In a ring topology, each network device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a single continuous pathway for signals. Data travels in one direction around the ring.
• Bus topology: A bus topology connects all network devices to a single central cable, often called the backbone or bus. Data is transmitted along this central cable, and all devices receive the signal.
• Mesh topology: In a mesh topology, every device on the network is directly connected to every other device. This creates multiple paths for data transmission, offering high redundancy and fault tolerance.