What is Faulty pronoun reference and Faulty parallelism? and define cause and effect?

Faulty pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun (like it, they, she, he, this, which) does not clearly refer to a specific antecedent (the noun it replaces). This ambiguity makes the sentence confusing.
Example: "Sarah told Emily that she had won the lottery." (Who won, Sarah or Emily?)

Faulty parallelism (or lack of parallelism) happens when items in a list or series, or elements that are grammatically similar, are not presented in the same grammatical form. For clarity and balance, all items should use the same structure (e.g., all nouns, all infinitives, all gerunds).
Example: "She likes to swim, to hike, and reading." (The last item "reading" breaks the parallel structure of "to swim" and "to hike".) Corrected: "She likes to swim, to hike, and to read."

Cause and effect is a relationship between events or things where one event (the cause) directly leads to another event (the effect). The cause is why something happens, and the effect is what happens as a result.
Example: Heavy rain (cause) leads to flooding (effect).