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SECTION 111: LONG ANSWER QUESTION

a) The four (4) sero strains of Ebola Virus that cause the disease are:

• Zaire ebolavirus
• Sudan ebolavirus
• Bundibugyo ebolavirus
• Taï Forest ebolavirus (formerly known as Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus)

b) The six (6) components of the Chain of Infection related to Ebola Virus are:

1. Infectious Agent: This is the Ebola virus itself, which causes the disease.
2. Reservoir: The place where the pathogen lives and multiplies. For Ebola, the natural reservoir is thought to be fruit bats, and infected humans or other animals can also serve as reservoirs.
3. Portal of Exit: The way the pathogen leaves the reservoir. For Ebola, the virus can exit through body fluids such as blood, vomit, feces, urine, saliva, and semen.
4. Mode of Transmission: How the pathogen travels from the reservoir to a new host. Ebola is transmitted through direct contact with the body fluids of an infected person or contaminated objects.
5. Portal of Entry: The way the pathogen enters a new host. The Ebola virus can enter through broken skin, mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth), or contaminated needles.
6. Susceptible Host: An individual who lacks sufficient immunity and is vulnerable to infection. This includes unvaccinated individuals, those with weakened immune systems, or those exposed to the virus without protection.

c) Public health or medical measures required to break the chain and control an Ebola outbreak:

1. Infectious Agent:
   • Measures: Rapid case identification, isolation of infected individuals, and research into vaccines and treatments.
2. Reservoir:
   • Measures: Animal surveillance (bats, primates), avoiding contact with sick animals, and safe bushmeat practices. For human reservoirs, isolation of cases.
3. Portal of Exit:
   • Measures: Safe handling of body fluids, proper disposal of contaminated materials, and safe burial practices.
4. Mode of Transmission:
   • Measures: Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks, and goggles, strict hand hygiene, disinfection of contaminated surfaces, and contact tracing.
5. Portal of Entry:
   • Measures: Correct use of PPE, avoiding touching the face, and maintaining skin integrity.
6. Susceptible Host:
   • Measures: Vaccination (e.g., Ervebo vaccine), public education on infection prevention, and strengthening immune systems.