Make complete chemistry lab report. Don't use personal pronouns in the procedures, Write in past simple tense, ensure you Write the name of the substance and it's amount in bracket. Not forgetting the discussion, recommendation and conclusion

The reaction between phenol and benzoyl chloride is an esterification reaction, specifically a Schotten-Baumann reaction, forming phenyl benzoate and hydrogen chloride.

• Molar mass of phenol ($\text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{OH}$): $$(6 \times 12.01) + (6 \times 1.008) + (1 \times 16.00) = 72.06 + 6.048 + 16.00 = 94.108 \text{ g/mol}$$
• Molar mass of benzoyl chloride ($\text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{COCl}$): $$(7 \times 12.01) + (5 \times 1.008) + (1 \times 16.00) + (1 \times 35.45) = 84.07 + 5.04 + 16.00 + 35.45 = 140.56 \text{ g/mol}$$
• Molar mass of phenyl benzoate ($\text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{COOC}_6\text{H}_5$): $$(13 \times 12.01) + (10 \times 1.008) + (2 \times 16.00) = 156.13 + 10.08 + 32.00 = 198.21 \text{ g/mol}$$

• Moles of phenol: $$\text{Moles of phenol} = \frac{\text{Mass of phenol}}{\text{Molar mass of phenol}} = \frac{1.0 \text{ g}}{94.108 \text{ g/mol}} = 0.01063 \text{ mol}$$
• Moles of benzoyl chloride: Assuming density of benzoyl chloride is $1.21 \text{ g/mL}$ and $1 \text{ mL}$ was used (20 drops). $$\text{Mass of benzoyl chloride} = \text{Volume} \times \text{Density} = 1.0 \text{ mL} \times 1.21 \text{ g/mL} = 1.21 \text{ g}$$ $$\text{Moles of benzoyl chloride} = \frac{\text{Mass of benzoyl chloride}}{\text{Molar mass of benzoyl chloride}} = \frac{1.21 \text{ g}}{140.56 \text{ g/mol}} = 0.00861 \text{ mol}$$

Since the reaction is a 1:1 molar ratio, benzoyl chloride is the limiting reactant ($0.00861 \text{ mol} < 0.01063 \text{ mol}$).

The theoretical yield is based on the limiting reactant.

Discussion:
The experiment successfully synthesized phenyl benzoate from phenol and benzoyl chloride via a Schotten-Baumann reaction. This reaction is an esterification where the phenoxide ion (formed by deprotonation of phenol by NaOH) acts as a nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of benzoyl chloride. Sodium hydroxide played a crucial role by deprotonating phenol, making it a stronger nucleophile, and by neutralizing the hydrogen chloride byproduct, which shifts the equilibrium towards product formation.

Vigorous shaking was necessary to ensure good mixing of the immiscible organic and aqueous layers, facilitating the reaction. The disappearance of the benzoyl chloride smell indicated the completion of the reaction. The crude product was washed with distilled water to remove any unreacted sodium hydroxide, hydrogen chloride, and other water-soluble impurities. Recrystallization from ethanol was performed to purify the product, removing solid impurities and yielding a purer crystalline solid.

The observed melting point of the recrystallized product was $65-68 \text{ °C}$. The literature melting point for pure phenyl benzoate is typically $68-70 \text{ °C}$. The slightly lower and broader melting point range observed suggests that the product may still contain some impurities, or there were slight experimental variations.

The calculated percentage yield was 87.92%. This indicates a relatively efficient synthesis. Potential sources of error that could affect the yield include incomplete reaction, loss of product during filtration and transfer steps, and losses during the recrystallization process. Impurities remaining in the final product could also lead to an inaccurate actual yield measurement.

Conclusion:
Phenyl benzoate was successfully synthesized from phenol and benzoyl chloride. The recrystallized product had an observed melting point of $65-68 \text{ °C}$, which is close to the literature value, indicating reasonable purity. The percentage yield of the reaction was calculated to be 87.92%.

Recommendations:

• To improve purity, a second recrystallization could be performed if the melting point range is still broad.
• Careful handling during filtration and transfer steps is crucial to minimize product loss and maximize actual yield.
• More precise measurement of benzoyl chloride (e.g., by mass or exact volume) would improve the accuracy of theoretical yield calculations.
• The reaction should be conducted in a fume hood due to the pungent and irritating nature of benzoyl chloride and phenol.