Write the mode of action of vaccines.

Here are the answers to the biology questions: Write any two functions of skin. Two functions of the skin are protection against pathogens and UV radiation, and thermoregulation (regulating body temperature through sweating and blood flow). What is meant by Ganglia? Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. They serve as relay stations and integration centers for nerve impulses. What is meant by myopia? How it can be rectified? Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a vision condition where close objects appear clear, but distant objects appear blurry. It occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina. It can be rectified using concave lenses (spectacles or contact lenses) or refractive surgery (e.g., LASIK). How does Punnett square is used in biology? A Punnett square is a diagram used in biology to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. It helps visualize all possible combinations of alleles from the parents. Define Law of segregation. The Law of Segregation states that during the formation of gametes, the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) from each other, so that each gamete carries only one allele for that character. Compare breeds and cultivars. Breeds refer to groups of animals within a species that have been selectively bred by humans for specific desirable traits, resulting in distinct characteristics. Cultivars (cultivated varieties) refer to groups of plants within a species that have been selectively bred or developed by humans for specific desirable traits, often maintained through asexual propagation. Write two achievements of Genetic engineering. Two achievements of Genetic engineering are the production of insulin by bacteria for treating diabetes and the development of genetically modified crops (e.g., Bt cotton) with enhanced pest resistance. Differentiate Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Antibiotics. Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly, often by disrupting cell wall synthesis or cell membrane integrity. Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth and reproduction, allowing the host's immune system to clear the infection. Write the mode of action of vaccines. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened or inactivated form of a pathogen, or parts of it (antigens), into the body. This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells without causing the disease, providing immunity against future exposure to the actual pathogen.