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Here are the solutions to the questions: 9. (a) Electrostatics (i) When a perspex rod is rubbed with a piece of cloth, it acquires a negative charge. (ii) The origin of this charge is due to friction. Rubbing the perspex rod with the cloth causes electrons to be transferred from the cloth to the perspex rod. Perspex has a higher electron affinity than the cloth, so it gains electrons, becoming negatively charged. (iii) Two other methods of charging a material are: • Conduction (charging by contact) • Induction (charging without contact) (iv) To identify the sign of the charges on rods B and C using a positively charged rod A: 1. Bring the positively charged rod A close to rod B, without touching it. 2. If rod B is repelled by rod A, then rod B is also positively charged (like charges repel). 3. If rod B is attracted to rod A, then rod B is negatively charged (opposite charges attract). 4. Repeat the same procedure with rod C to determine its charge. 9. (b) Circuit Diagram Analysis (i) Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or through a cross-sectional area. (ii) The component labelled X is an ammeter. (iii) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. Step 1: Calculate the equivalent resistance of the two 4 resistors in parallel. For two resistors in parallel, R_p = (R_1 × R_2)/(R_1 + R_2). R_p = (4 \, × 4 \, )/(4 \, + 4 \, ) R_p = (16 \, ^2)/(8 \, ) R_p = 2 \, Step 2: Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. The parallel combination is in series with the 3 resistor. R_total = R_series + R_p R_total = 3 \, + 2 \, R_total = 5 \, The total resistance of the circuit is 5 \, . (iv) Calculate the current passing through X. Step 1: Identify the voltage and total resistance. The voltage of the battery is V = 12 V. The total resistance of the circuit is R_total = 5 \, . Step 2: Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current. Ohm's Law states V = I R_total, so I = (V)/(R_total). I = 12 V5 \, I = 2.4 A The current passing through X (the total current) is 2.4 A. 9. (d) Resistance of a Wire Step 1: State the formula for resistance. The resistance R of a wire is given by the formula R = (L)/(A), where is the resistivity of the material, L is the length, and A is the cross-sectional area. Step 2: Define the properties of the first wire. For the first wire, let its resistance be R_1, length L_1 = L, and cross-sectional area A_1 = A. So, R_1 = (L)/(A). Step 3: Define the properties of the second wire. For the second wire, it is made of the same material (so resistivity is the same), its length L_2 = 3L, and its cross-sectional area A_2 = A. So, R_2 = (3L)/(A). Step 4: Compare their resistances. We can rewrite R_2 as: R_2 = 3 ( (L)/(A) ) Since R_1 = (L)/(A), we can substitute R_1 into the equation for R_2: R_2 = 3 R_1 The second wire has three times the resistance of the first wire. What's next?