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The scientific understanding of climate change has evolved over centuries, with many scientists contributing to its development. The concept of the greenhouse effect was first proposed by Joseph Fourier in the 1820s. Later, in the 1860s, John Tyndall identified the gases responsible for absorbing heat (like water vapor and carbon dioxide). In 1896, Svante Arrhenius was the first to quantify how increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide could lead to a rise in Earth's surface temperature, essentially proposing the idea of human-induced global warming. Today, the overwhelming scientific consensus, represented by organizations like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the primary "proposer" and authority on the current understanding of climate change.