Explain the conditions for a lunar eclipse and the processes of river transportation and erosion. Describe overthrust folds.

Here are the answers to the questions: 2. (a) An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when one celestial body temporarily blocks the light from another celestial body, or when one body passes into the shadow of another. 2. (b) Three conditions necessary for the occurrence of a lunar eclipse: • The Moon must be in its full phase. • The Earth must be positioned directly between the Sun and the Moon. • The Sun, Earth, and Moon must be perfectly or very closely aligned in a straight line (syzygy). 3. (a) • X: Hard rock layer (or resistant rock) • Y: Plunge pool • Z: Deposited material (or boulders/alluvium) 3. (b) Two processes of river transportation: • Solution: Dissolved minerals are carried in the water. • Suspension: Fine, light particles (like silt and clay) are carried within the water column. • Saltation: Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed. • Traction: Large boulders and rocks are rolled or dragged along the river bed. 4. (a) An overthrust fold forms under conditions of intense compressional forces acting on rock layers. When these forces are so strong that the rock layers cannot simply fold, the fold becomes so tight and asymmetrical that one limb is pushed over the other, often resulting in a low-angle reverse fault where older rocks are thrust over younger rocks. This process involves significant horizontal displacement. 4. (b) Three factors that influence the amount of surface run-off: • Intensity and duration of rainfall: Heavy, prolonged rainfall increases run-off. • Permeability of the ground: Impermeable surfaces (e.g., clay, urban areas) lead to more run-off than permeable surfaces (e.g., sandy soils). • Slope of the land: Steeper slopes allow less time for infiltration, increasing run-off. • Vegetation cover: Dense vegetation intercepts rainfall and promotes infiltration, reducing run-off. • Saturation level of the soil: Already saturated soil cannot absorb more water, leading to increased run-off. 5. (a) Three major earthquake zones of the world: • Circum-Pacific Belt (or Pacific Ring of Fire) • Alpine-Himalayan Belt (or Mediterranean-Asiatic Belt) • Mid-Atlantic Ridge 5. (b) Two effects of an earthquake on the Earth's crust: • Faulting and Fissures: Earthquakes can cause the ground to crack and break, forming new faults or reactivating existing ones, and creating fissures (cracks) on the surface. • Landslides and Rockfalls: Seismic vibrations can destabilize slopes, leading to landslides, mudslides, and rockfalls, especially in mountainous regions. • Subsidence and Uplift: Earthquakes can cause parts of the Earth's crust to sink (subsidence) or rise (uplift), altering land elevations and coastal lines. • Tsunamis: Underwater earthquakes can displace large volumes of water, generating powerful ocean waves known as tsunamis. 3 done, 2 left today. You're making progress.