Outline the main causes of water shortages in South Africa, considering economic, social, and environmental factors.

Here are some points to consider for section 3.1: Causes of water shortages in South Africa.

• Economic factors: These include underinvestment in water infrastructure maintenance and development, leading to leaks and inefficiencies. The high cost of water treatment and distribution also impacts affordability and access.
• Social factors: Rapid urbanization and population growth in Gauteng increase demand beyond available supply. Additionally, a lack of public awareness and education on water conservation contributes to high per capita consumption.
• Environmental factors: Climate change is a significant cause, leading to prolonged droughts, reduced rainfall, and increased evaporation. Pollution of rivers and dams by industrial and domestic waste also diminishes usable water resources.