What is the solar system? State three effects of the earth's revolution. Name two layers of the atmosphere. Given that time at Rabat, Morocco 5^ exto W is 8.00am. Calculate the longitude of Mogadishu

Here are the solutions to the questions: 1 (a) What is the solar system? The solar system consists of the Sun and all the celestial objects gravitationally bound to it, including eight planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and dust. 1 (b) State three effects of the earth's revolution. • Causes the seasons due to the tilt of Earth's axis. • Leads to variations in the length of day and night throughout the year. • Results in the apparent movement of the Sun across the sky, leading to different constellations being visible at different times of the year. 2 (a) Name two layers of the atmosphere. • Troposphere • Stratosphere 2 (b) Given that time at Rabat, Morocco 5^ W is 8.00am. Calculate the longitude of Mogadishu where time is 11am. Step 1: Calculate the time difference between Rabat and Mogadishu. Time at Mogadishu = 11:00 am Time at Rabat = 8:00 am Time difference = 11:00 am - 8:00 am = 3 hours Step 2: Convert the time difference into longitude difference. Earth rotates 15^ of longitude per hour. Longitude difference = 3 hours × 15^/hour = 45^ Step 3: Determine the direction and calculate Mogadishu's longitude. Since Mogadishu's time (11:00 am) is ahead of Rabat's time (8:00 am), Mogadishu must be to the east of Rabat. Rabat's longitude = 5^ W (which can be represented as -5^) Mogadishu's longitude = Rabat's longitude + Longitude difference Mogadishu's longitude = -5^ + 45^ = 40^ E The longitude of Mogadishu is 40^ E. 3 (a) Identify the countries in which the following fold mountains are found • Himalayas: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China, Pakistan • Atlas: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia • Rockies: Canada, United States 3 (b) Draw a diagram showing a simple fold A simple fold typically shows layers of rock that have been bent or curved due to compressional forces. • An anticline is an upward-arching fold, with the oldest rock layers in the core. • A syncline is a downward-arching fold, with the youngest rock layers in the core. A simple diagram would show a wavy pattern of rock layers, illustrating both an anticline and a syncline side-by-side. 4 (a) Distinguish between Volcanicity and Plutonism. • Volcanicity refers to all phenomena associated with the movement of molten rock (magma) and gases from the Earth's interior to or near the surface, including volcanic eruptions and the formation of extrusive igneous rocks. • Plutonism refers to the processes by which magma cools and solidifies beneath the Earth's surface, forming intrusive igneous rocks (plutons) such as batholiths, laccoliths, sills, and dykes. 4 (b) Apart from volcanicity, give three processes that lead to formation of lakes. • Glacial erosion and deposition: Glaciers carve out depressions (e.g., cirque lakes, finger lakes) or deposit moraines that dam valleys. • Tectonic activity: Faulting and folding can create depressions that fill with water (e.g., rift valley lakes). • River processes: Meandering rivers can cut off oxbow lakes, or rivers can be dammed by landslides. • Solution processes: Dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone can form sinkholes that fill with water (e.g., karst lakes). 5 (a) State four ways in which humus improves the quality of soil. • Increases water retention: Humus acts like a sponge, holding water and making it available to plants. • Improves soil structure: It binds soil particles together, creating stable aggregates that enhance aeration and drainage. • Provides nutrients: Humus is a reservoir of essential plant nutrients, which are slowly released as it decomposes. • Enhances microbial activity: It provides food and habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms, which contribute to nutrient cycling and soil health.