Explain the two primary mechanisms by which tropical cyclones cause floods.

This image shows a well-developed tropical cyclone characterized by its distinct spiral bands of clouds and a clear eye at its center. Tropical cyclones are a major cause of floods due to two primary mechanisms:

1. Heavy Rainfall: Tropical cyclones draw vast amounts of moisture from the ocean. As this moist air rises and condenses, it produces extremely intense and prolonged rainfall. When these systems make landfall, this torrential rain can quickly overwhelm drainage systems, rivers, and land, leading to widespread flash floods and riverine flooding.

2. Storm Surge: The low atmospheric pressure at the center of the cyclone, combined with strong winds pushing water towards the coast, creates an abnormal rise in sea level known as a storm surge. This surge can inundate coastal areas, causing severe flooding, especially when it coincides with high tide.