This history question requires analysis of historical events, causes, and consequences. The detailed answer below provides context, evidence, and a well-structured explanation.
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Section A: Fill in the Blanks 3. The Sanskrit word 'Janapada' means 'where the people have settled their foot (pada)'. 4. The 16 large states that emerged by the 8th–7th century BCE are called Mahajanapadas. 5. The assembly or council in a Janapada was called sabha or samiti. 6. The mahajanapadas that had a democratic/republic system were called republics or ganasanghas. 7. India's first coins were made of silver and are called punch-marked coins. 8. The four varnas are: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. 9. A moat is a deep, wide water-filled ditch around a fort for defence. 10. The ancient trade route that connected northwest India to eastern India was called the Uttarapatha. Section B: True or False 1. The Harappan civilisation collapsed around the early 2nd millennium BCE. TRUE 2. India had no urban life for about 500 years after the Harappan collapse. TRUE 3. The Second Urbanisation began in the Deccan plateau region. FALSE 4. Vajji and Malla were early republics where the assembly chose the ruler. TRUE 5. The mahajanapada of Magadha was located in what is today Bihar. TRUE 6. Iron tools and weapons were used during the Harappan civilisation. FALSE 7. The first Indian coins were made of gold. FALSE 8. The word 'caste' comes from the Portuguese word 'casta'. TRUE 9. In early periods, the varna-jati system was more flexible than later. TRUE 10. Most ancient mahajanapada capitals are no longer existing cities today. FALSE Section C: Match the Columns 1. Uttarapatha - d. Trade route: NW India to east India 2. Brahmin - f. Varna that preserves knowledge 3. Vajji - g. Early republic mahajanapada 4. Punch-marked coins - c. Silver coins with punched symbols 5. Dakshinapatha - h. Trade route from Kaushambi to south India 6. Kshatriya - e. Varna that defends the society 7. Moat - b. Water ditch around a fort 8. Janapada - a. Territory settled by a clan Section D: Short Answer Questions 1. What is the difference between a Janapada and a Mahajanapada? A Janapada was an early territorial unit or clan settlement, often led by a Raja with an assembly. A Mahajanapada was a larger, more powerful state formed by the amalgamation of several smaller Janapadas, emerging around the 8th-7th century BCE.