State five reasons why the government of Kenya adopted the Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 and explain the social effects of the national philosophies on the development of Kenya.

Here are the answers to your questions: 18. (a) State five reasons why the government of Kenya adopted the Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965. The government of Kenya adopted Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 for the following reasons: • To define Kenya's economic and political ideology as African Socialism, distinct from capitalism and communism. • To promote national unity and cohesion among diverse ethnic groups after independence. • To guide economic planning and and development, ensuring equitable distribution of resources and opportunities. • To address the socio-economic inequalities inherited from the colonial system, such as landlessness and poverty. • To foster self-reliance and mobilize domestic resources for development, reducing dependence on foreign aid. 18. (b) Explain the social effects of the national philosophies on the development of Kenya. The national philosophies, primarily African Socialism and Harambee, had several social effects on Kenya's development: • Promotion of self-help (Harambee): Encouraged communities to pool resources for local development projects like schools, health centers, and water projects, leading to expanded access to social services. • Fostering national unity: Emphasized collective responsibility and mutual social responsibility, aiming to reduce ethnic divisions and build a cohesive nation. • Expansion of education: Led to increased enrollment in schools and colleges as communities built educational institutions through Harambee, improving literacy and skills across the country. • Improved healthcare access: Facilitated the construction of dispensaries and health centers in rural areas, making basic healthcare more accessible to the population. • Social stratification and inequality: Despite the ideals of equitable distribution, the implementation often favored certain groups, leading to continued or even exacerbated social and economic disparities. • Corruption and mismanagement: The Harambee spirit was sometimes exploited for political gain or personal enrichment, undermining its original intent and leading to inefficient resource use. 19. (a) What factors led to the development of multi-party democracy in Kenya in 1990s? Factors that led to the development of multi-party democracy in Kenya in the 1990s include: • Internal pressure for reforms: Growing discontent among Kenyans due to economic mismanagement, corruption, human rights abuses, and authoritarian rule by the KANU government. • External pressure from donor countries: International financial institutions (IMF, World Bank) and Western governments linked aid to political liberalization and good governance, forcing the government to concede reforms. • End of the Cold War: The collapse of the Soviet Union and communist regimes globally reduced the strategic importance of authoritarian African states, making it harder for them to resist democratic demands. • Repeal of Section 2A of the Constitution: This constitutional amendment in 1991 officially ended Kenya's one-party state status, paving the way for the registration of multiple political parties. • Role of civil society and religious organizations: Activists, lawyers, and religious leaders played a crucial role in advocating for political reforms and human rights. 19. (b) Explain how the existence of many parties has promoted democracy in Kenya. The existence of many parties has promoted democracy in Kenya in the following ways: • Enhanced accountability: Opposition parties scrutinize government policies and actions, exposing corruption and mismanagement, thereby holding the ruling party accountable to the public. • Provided alternative policies: Multiple parties offer diverse manifestos and policy options, allowing citizens to choose leaders and policies that best represent their interests. • Increased citizen participation: Multi-party politics encourages greater public engagement in political processes, including elections, debates, and party activities. • Representation of diverse interests: Different parties often represent various ethnic, regional, or ideological groups, ensuring that a wider range of societal interests are articulated and addressed. • Checks and balances on power: The presence of opposition parties prevents the concentration of power in a single entity, reducing the risk of authoritarianism and promoting a more balanced governance structure. • Peaceful transfer of power: Multi-party elections provide a legitimate and peaceful mechanism for citizens to change their government, reinforcing democratic principles. 20. (a) State three ways in which the government facilitated acquisition of land for Africa after 1936. The government facilitated the acquisition of land for Africans after 1936 in these ways: • Establishment of settlement schemes: After independence, the government initiated programs like the 'Million-Acre Scheme' to purchase land from departing European settlers and redistribute it to landless African families. • Land adjudication and registration: The government undertook extensive programs to survey, adjudicate, and register African customary land, providing individuals with formal title deeds and secure tenure. • Support for land buying companies and cooperatives: The government encouraged and sometimes provided financial or logistical support to African groups and cooperatives to pool resources and collectively purchase former settler farms.