Identify three peaceful methods of conflict resolution and explain six factors that promote national unity in Kenya.

Here are the answers to Section C:

22. (a) Identify three peaceful methods of conflict resolution.

• Negotiation: Direct discussion between parties to reach a mutually acceptable agreement.
• Mediation: A neutral third party facilitates communication and helps parties find a solution, but does not impose one.
• Arbitration: A neutral third party hears both sides of a dispute and makes a binding decision.

22. (b) Explain six factors that promote national unity in Kenya.

• National symbols: The national flag, anthem, and coat of arms evoke a sense of shared identity and patriotism among Kenyans.
• Education: A common curriculum taught across the country fosters shared values, history, and understanding among diverse communities.
• Equitable distribution of resources: Fair allocation of national resources to all regions and communities reduces feelings of marginalization and promotes inclusivity.
• National language (Kiswahili): Kiswahili serves as a lingua franca, enabling communication and understanding across different ethnic groups.
• National holidays: Celebrations like Mashujaa Day and Jamhuri Day bring Kenyans together to commemorate shared historical events and achievements.
• Sports and cultural events: National teams and cultural festivals unite Kenyans as they rally behind common causes and celebrate their diverse heritage.

23. (a) Name three officials during a general election in Kenya.

• Presiding Officer
• Polling Clerk
• Returning Officer

23. (b) Explain six functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) in Kenya.

• Voter registration: The IEBC is responsible for registering eligible citizens as voters and maintaining an accurate voters' roll.
• Boundary delimitation: It reviews and adjusts electoral unit boundaries (constituencies and wards) to ensure fair representation.
• Conducting elections and referenda: The commission plans, organizes, and oversees all general elections and referenda in Kenya.
• Voter education: The IEBC educates voters on electoral processes, their rights, and responsibilities to promote informed participation.
• Dispute resolution: It hears and determines electoral disputes, other than presidential election petitions, arising from elections.
• Regulation of political parties: The IEBC registers political parties and monitors their compliance with electoral laws and regulations.

24. (a) Identify three funds into which the Government of Kenya deposits its revenue.

• Consolidated Fund
• Equalization Fund
• Contingencies Fund

24. (b) Explain six ways in which the National Government raise its revenue.

• Income Tax: This is levied on the income of individuals (Pay As You Earn - PAYE) and corporations (Corporation Tax).
• Value Added Tax (VAT): A consumption tax charged on the supply of goods and services at each stage of production and distribution.
• Customs and Excise Duties: Taxes imposed on imported goods (customs duties) and certain locally produced goods or services (excise duties).
• Borrowing: The government raises revenue by issuing government bonds and treasury bills to both domestic and international lenders.
• Grants and Aid: Funds received from foreign governments, international organizations, and donor agencies, often for specific projects or general budget support.
• Fees and Charges for Services: Revenue collected from various government services, such as passport applications, business permits, and land registration fees.