: SECTION A: THE MOST APPROPRIATE From the list of questions that follows, choose the most appropriate option from A to E that best explains or answers the question. 1. In the regulation of blood pressure, which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT? A. Increased heart rate increases cardiac output B. Increased stroke volume increases cardiac output C. Increased blood volume increases the total peripheral resistance D. Increased arteriolar diameter increases the total peripheral resistance E. Increased cardiac output and total peripheral resistance increases blood pressure 2. All the following drugs EXCEPT ..........can cause elevated blood pressure and hence should be avoided in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. A. Oral contraceptives B. Phentolamine C. Diclofenac D. Caffeine E. Prednisolone 3. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor of uncontrolled hypertension in pregnancy? A. Increases risk of intrauterine growth restriction B. Increases fetal risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus C. Increases risk of maternal gestational diabetes D. Increases risk of premature delivery E. Increases risk of postpartum hemorrhage 4. The classification of this antihypertensive agent is NOT CORRECT: A. Hydralazine – Vasodilator B. Bendroflumethiazide – Beta Blocker C. Nifedipine – calcium channel blocker D. Losartan – angiotensin receptor blocker E. Lisinopril – angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor 5. The antihypertensive agent is contraindicated in pregnancy: A. Methyldopa B. Lisinopril C. Hydralazine D. Labetalol E. Nifedipine 6. The midwife should NOT administer methyldopa concurrently with all the following drugs EXCEPT A. Metformin B. Promethazine C. Metoclopramide D. Ferrous sulphate E. Antipsychotic drugs 7. This statement is NOT CORRECT about use of Labetalol in the management of hypertension in pregnancy: A. It should be given by slow intravenous injection B. It should not be given to patients with diabetes C. It is not given to patients with severe bradycardia D. It should not be given to patients with heart failure E. It should not be given to patients with asthma 8. This statement is NOT TRUE about use of hydralazine in the management of hypertension in pregnancy: A. It cannot be administered by intramuscular injection B. It causes dilation of blood vessels C. It is contraindicated in patients with coronary artery diseases D. Long term use may be ineffective due to fluid and salt retention E. It should be discontinued slowly to prevent rebound hypertension 9. This statement is NOT TRUE about use of calcium channel blockers in the management of hypertension in pregnancy: A. Amlodipine is the preferred drug of choice B. It blocks entry of calcium into cells of the heart C. It blocks entry of calcium into blood vessels D. It is contraindicated in patients with heart failure E. It is contraindicated in patients with cardiogenic shock 10. This physiological effect of this hormone is NOT CORRECT: A. Insulin – decreases gluconeogenesis B. Glucagon – increases glycolysis C. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide – stimulates intestinal insulin secretion D. Glucagon-like peptide-1 – decreases postprandial glucose E. Somatostatin – inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion 11. This drug is NOT an Insulin secretagogue: A. Glipizide B. Chlorpropamide C. Glibenclamide D. Acetazolamide E. Tolbutamide 12. Which of the following is insulin is the LEAST safe to use in pregnancy: A. Aspart B. Lispro C. Glargine D. Regular E. Isophane 13. The following are CORRECTLY matched classification of antidiabetic drugs EXCEPT A. Insulin secretagogues – Glimepiride B. Insulin sensitizers – Metformin C. Glucose absorption inhibitors – Glibenclamide D. Parenteral antidiabetic drug – Insulin E. Oral antidiabetic drug – Acarbose 14. This antidiabetic drug is contraindicated in type-1 diabetic patients: A. Insulin B. Glimepiride C. Metformin D. Pioglitazone E. Acarbose 15. Adverse effect of insulin consists of all of the following EXCEPT A. Hypoglycemia B. Lipodystrophy C. Weight loss D. Hypokalemia E. Local allergic reaction 16. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus in pregnancy consist of all of the following EXCEPT A. It increases the risk of fetal macrosomia B. It increases the risk of fetal heart diseases C. It increases the probability of caesarean delivery D. It increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth E. It increases the risk of preeclampsia 17. Which of the following is NOT a caution/contraindication of Glibenclamide? A. Diabetic ketoacidosis B. Pregnancy C. G6PD deficiency D. Renal failure E. Liver failure 18. Contraindication to use of Metformin consists of all of the following EXCEPT A. Chronic heart failure B. Hyperthyroidism C. Lactation D. Renal failure E. Lactic acidosis 19. Which of the following antibacterial agents will be MOST safe to use in pregnancy? A. Tetracycline B. Ciprofloxacin C. Co-trimoxazole D. Metronidazole E. Cefuroxime 20. Which of the following antibacterial agents will be MOST safe to use in lactation? A. Doxycycline B. Amoxicillin C. Vancomycin D. Ceftriaxone E. Chloramphenicol 21. This statement is NOT TRUE about penicillins as antibacterial agents: A. Dose reduction is recommended in renal impairment B. It is contraindicated G6PD deficient patients C. Hypersensitivity reaction is common side effect D. It should not be administered by intrathecal injection E. Excessively high doses can cause encephalopathy 22. Which of the following is NOT a caution/contraindication to use of Co-trimoxazole? A. Children less than 5 years B. Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency C. Sickle cell disease D. Pregnancy E. Lactation 23. During antibacterial treatment with Ceftriaxone, this is NOT an important consideration? A. Risk of hyperbilirubinemia in premature neonates B. Use with caution in lactating women due to risk of kernicterus in neonates C. It is contraindicated in patients with history of epilepsy D. Avoid concurrent use with ringers’ lactate solution E. Dose reduction is recommended in renal impairment 24. When using Tetracyclines in treatment of infections, this is NOT TRUE statement: A. Contraindicated in children below 12 years B. Concurrent use with antacids decreases the absorption of tetracyclines C. Tetracyclines cause tendon rupture and tendonitis in children D. Tetracyclines cause reversible inhibition of bone growth in children E. Tetracyclines cause permanent teeth discoloration in children 25. In treatment of infection with Aminoglycosides, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A. Systemic effect requires parenteral administration B. Dose reduction is recommended in patients with renal impairment C. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are common adverse effects D. Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation E. Contraindicated in children below 12 years 26. When Quinolone antibacterial agents are used in infection treatment, this is NOT a CORRECT consideration: A. Hypersensitivity reaction is common adverse effect B. Caution use in patients with history of epilepsy C. Risk of tendon rupture or tendonitis in children D. Contraindicated in lactating women E. Caution in pregnancy 27. The following are TRUE statements about Macrolides in infection treatment EXCEPT A. Adverse effect includes cardiac arrhythmias B. Hepatotoxicity is an adverse effect C. Concurrent use with clindamycin is not recommended D. Concurrent use with chloramphenicol is not recommended E. Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation 28. The following antiviral agents are correctly matched with their indication EXCEPT A. Ribavirin – treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection B. Ganciclovir – treatment cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) C. Aciclovir – treatment of varicella zoster infection D. Oseltamivir – treatment of influenza A and B infection E. Cidofovir – treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection 29. The target of action of this antiretroviral agent is NOT correct A. Enfuvirtide – Fusion inhibitors B. Tenofovir – Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors C. Nevirapine – non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors D. Dolutegravir – Integrase strand transfer inhibitor E. Ritonavir – Protease inhibitor 30. The following antiretroviral drugs are correctly matched with their caution/contraindications EXCEPT A. Lopinavir – pregnant and lactating women B. Lamivudine – renal impairment C. Zidovudine – severe anemia D. Abacavir – hepatic impairment E. Tenofovir – renal impairment 31. This antiviral agent has INCORRECT common side effect: A. Efavirenz – insomnia B. Ritonavir – insulin resistance C. Nevirapine – Steven-Johnsons syndrome D. Stavudine – pancreatitis E. Atazanavir – hepatotoxicity 32. Which of the following is the preferred appropriate combination of antiretroviral agents for HIV-2 infection? A. Tenofovir + Lamivudine + lopinavir/ritonavir B. Emtricitabine + Lamivudine + lopinavir/ritonavir C. Tenofovir + Zidovudine + lopinavir/ritonavir D. Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Efavirenz E. Zidovudine + Emtricitabine + Nevirapine 33. Which is the following antiretroviral will be preferred in pregnant or lactating HIV-2 infection? A. Tenofovir + Lamivudine + Nevirapine B. Tenofovir + Lamivudine + Efavirenz C. Tenofovir + Lamivudine + Dolutegravir D. Tenofovir + L

This history question requires analysis of historical events, causes, and consequences. The detailed answer below provides context, evidence, and a well-structured explanation.