Give three reasons why the League of Nations failed to maintain world peace.

Here are the solutions to the questions: 1. Give three reasons why the League of Nations failed to maintain world peace. The League of Nations failed to maintain world peace for several reasons: • Lack of enforcement power: The League did not have its own army and relied on member states to provide troops for enforcement, which they were often unwilling to do. This made it difficult to enforce its decisions against aggressive nations. • Absence of major powers: Key global powers like the United States never joined the League, significantly weakening its authority and influence. Other major powers like Germany, Japan, and Italy withdrew from the League when their aggressive actions were condemned, further undermining its effectiveness. • Requirement for unanimous decisions: The League's structure required unanimous agreement from all members of the Council for any action to be taken. This made decision-making slow and often impossible, as a single dissenting vote could block collective action against aggressors. 2. Explain six ways through which the United Nations promoted peace in the world. The United Nations has promoted peace in the world through various ways: • Peacekeeping operations: The UN deploys peacekeeping forces to conflict zones to monitor ceasefires, stabilize regions, protect civilians, and assist in implementing peace agreements. • Diplomacy and mediation: The UN provides a crucial platform for dialogue and negotiation between conflicting parties, offering good offices, mediation, and arbitration to resolve disputes peacefully. • Sanctions: The UN Security Council can impose economic, travel, or arms embargoes on states or entities that threaten international peace and security, pressuring them to comply with international law. • Humanitarian aid: By addressing the root causes of conflict such as poverty, disease, and instability through humanitarian assistance and development programs, the UN helps to create conditions conducive to lasting peace. • Disarmament and non-proliferation: The UN actively promotes arms control and disarmament efforts, including treaties on nuclear non-proliferation and chemical weapons, to reduce the threat of armed conflict. • International law and justice: The UN upholds and develops international law, establishing courts like the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, to ensure accountability for war crimes and promote justice, which is essential for peace. 3. Mention three aims of Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA). Three aims of the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA) are: • To achieve sustainable economic development of member states through regional integration. • To promote peace, security, and stability among member states to foster economic growth and cooperation. • To facilitate the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people within the region, leading to a fully integrated common market. 4. Explain six challenges facing the New East African Community established in 2001. The New East African Community (EAC), re-established in 2001, faces several challenges: • Non-tariff barriers: Despite agreements, member states often impose non-tariff barriers such as bureaucratic procedures, varying standards, and restrictive import licenses, hindering the free flow of goods and services. • Political instability and conflicts: Some member states experience internal political instability or conflicts, which can spill over borders, disrupt trade, and divert attention and resources away from regional integration efforts. • Varying levels of economic development: There are significant disparities in economic development among EAC member states, leading to concerns about equitable distribution of benefits and potential dominance by more developed economies. • Lack of common currency and monetary union: The goal of establishing a monetary union with a common currency has faced delays due to challenges in harmonizing fiscal and monetary policies, inflation rates, and economic stability across member states. • Inadequate infrastructure: The region suffers from poor and underdeveloped infrastructure, including roads, railways, and energy networks, which increases the cost of doing business and limits intra-regional trade and connectivity. • Overlapping memberships: Several EAC member states also belong to other regional economic blocs like COMESA or SADC, leading to conflicting commitments and policies that can complicate the implementation of EAC protocols and agreements.