What were the key characteristics of the First Urbanisation (Harappan) and how do we know about the Second Urbanisation? Discuss Janapadas and Mahajanapadas.

Here is the information from the provided study notes: What did the First Urbanisation (Harappan) have? Elaborate private & public structures Crowded streets and busy markets Specialised communities (smiths, potters, weavers, builders) Writing system, Sanitation system, Administration, Ruling class How do we know about the Second Urbanisation? Archaeological Excavations: Digs at ancient city sites confirm their existence. Ancient Literature: Late Vedic, Buddhist, and Jaina texts mention these cities. Key Facts about Janapadas and Mahajanapadas: Janapada is Sanskrit for 'where the people (jana) have settled their foot (pada)' or clan. Each janapada was led by a RAJA (ruler) and had an assembly (sabha/samiti). Janapadas grew as trade networks expanded. By 8th–7th century BCE, smaller janapadas merged to form MAHAJANAPADAS. There were 16 Mahajanapadas, extending from Gandhara (NW) to Anga (Bengal).