Distinguish between vertical and horizontal application of the bill of rights

Let's distinguish these, Lamine. Vertical application refers to the Bill of Rights binding the state (government) in its relationship with individuals. This means the government must respect and protect the rights of its citizens. Horizontal application refers to the Bill of Rights binding private individuals or private entities in their relationships with each other. This ensures that fundamental rights are also protected in interactions between non-state actors, often through the development of common law. 3 done, 2 left today. You're making progress.