Explain how international institution make and enforce law using the two mechanisms of international laws

International institutions play a crucial role in both the creation and enforcement of international law, primarily through two main mechanisms: treaties and customary international law. Step 1: Treaties (also known as conventions, covenants, or protocols) are formal written agreements between states. International institutions often facilitate the negotiation and adoption of these treaties. For example, the United Nations (UN) hosts conferences where member states negotiate and sign treaties on human rights, environmental protection, or trade. Once ratified by member states, these treaties become legally binding international law. Step 2: Enforcement of treaties by international institutions occurs through various means. Institutions can monitor compliance, provide technical assistance, and establish dispute resolution mechanisms (like the International Court of Justice or the World Trade Organization's dispute settlement body). They can also apply diplomatic pressure, sanctions, or even authorize collective action in cases of non-compliance, though enforcement ultimately relies on the political will of member states. Step 3: Customary international law arises from the general and consistent practice of states that they follow out of a sense of legal obligation (opinio juris). International institutions contribute to the formation of customary law by observing, documenting, and promoting state practices. Resolutions passed by bodies like the UN General Assembly, while not legally binding themselves, can reflect and solidify emerging customary norms by demonstrating widespread state acceptance. Step 4: Enforcement of customary international law by international institutions is less direct than with treaties. Institutions can invoke customary law in their resolutions, reports, and judicial decisions, thereby reinforcing its legal standing. They can also encourage states to adhere to customary norms through diplomatic means and by highlighting violations, relying on the principle that all states are bound by customary international law regardless of whether they have formally agreed to a specific treaty. Last free one today — make it count tomorrow, or type /upgrade for unlimited.