Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic. Any law or conduct inconsistent with it is invalid.

Here are short notes on the principles underpinning the Constitution of 1996 (referring to the Constitution of South Africa):

• Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic. Any law or conduct inconsistent with it is invalid.
• Democratic Values: The Constitution is founded on the values of human dignity, the achievement of equality, and the advancement of human rights and freedoms. It establishes a multi-party democratic government.
• Rule of Law: Everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. The law must be applied equally to all.
• Separation of Powers: Government power is divided among the legislative (Parliament), executive (President and Cabinet), and judicial (Courts) branches to ensure checks and balances.