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Find the first derivative, (dy)/(dx).

Mathematics

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Here's how to determine the nature of the stationary points for y=x4−16x2y = x^4 - 16x^2.

  1. Find the first derivative, dydx\frac{dy}{dx}.

    dydx=ddx(x4−16x2)=4x3−32x\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}(x^4 - 16x^2) = 4x^3 - 32x
  2. Find the x-coordinates of the stationary points by setting the first derivative to zero.

    4x3−32x=04x^3 - 32x = 0

    Factor out 4x4x:

    4x(x2−8)=04x(x^2 - 8) = 0

    This gives three possible values for xx:

    4x=0  ⟹  x=04x = 0 \implies x = 0 x2−8=0  ⟹  x2=8  ⟹  x=±8=±22x^2 - 8 = 0 \implies x^2 = 8 \implies x = \pm\sqrt{8} = \pm 2\sqrt{2}

    The stationary points occur at x=0x = 0, x=22x = 2\sqrt{2}, and x=−22x = -2\sqrt{2}.

  3. Find the second derivative, d2ydx2\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}.

    d2ydx2=ddx(4x3−32x)=12x2−32\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{d}{dx}(4x^3 - 32x) = 12x^2 - 32
  4. Determine the nature of the stationary points using the second derivative test.

    For x=0x = 0:
    Substitute x=0x=0 into the second derivative:

    d2ydx2∣x=0=12(0)2−32=−32\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} \Big|_{x=0} = 12(0)^2 - 32 = -32

    Since −32<0-32 < 0, the stationary point at x=0x = 0 is a local maximum.

    For x=22x = 2\sqrt{2}:
    Substitute x=22x=2\sqrt{2} into the second derivative:

    d2ydx2∣x=22=12(22)2−32\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} \Big|_{x=2\sqrt{2}} = 12(2\sqrt{2})^2 - 32 =12(4×2)−32= 12(4 \times 2) - 32 =12(8)−32= 12(8) - 32 =96−32=64= 96 - 32 = 64

    Since 64>064 > 0, the stationary point at x=22x = 2\sqrt{2} is a local minimum.

    For x=−22x = -2\sqrt{2}:
    Substitute x=−22x=-2\sqrt{2} into the second derivative:

    d2ydx2∣x=−22=12(−22)2−32\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} \Big|_{x=-2\sqrt{2}} = 12(-2\sqrt{2})^2 - 32 =12(4×2)−32= 12(4 \times 2) - 32 =12(8)−32= 12(8) - 32 =96−32=64= 96 - 32 = 64

    Since 64>064 > 0, the stationary point at x=−22x = -2\sqrt{2} is a local minimum.

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