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In the diagram below, A(−3; 0), B, C and D(−8; 5) are the vertices of a quadrilateral with BĈD = 105°. E(−11; 0) and F are points on the x-axis. ED is a straight line. FG || AD with G on ED.

Mathematics

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Here's the solution for the analytical geometry problem:

3.1 Prove that the perimeter of △ADE\triangle ADE, rounded off to TWO decimal places, is 20.90 units.

  1. Calculate the length of AE.

    The coordinates are A(−3;0)A(-3; 0) and E(−11;0)E(-11; 0). Since both points lie on the x-axis, the distance is the absolute difference of their x-coordinates.

    AE=∣−3−(−11)∣=∣−3+11∣=∣8∣=8 unitsAE = |-3 - (-11)| = |-3 + 11| = |8| = 8 \text{ units}
  2. Calculate the length of AD.

    The coordinates are A(−3;0)A(-3; 0) and D(−8;5)D(-8; 5).
    Using the distance formula d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}:

    AD=(−8−(−3))2+(5−0)2AD = \sqrt{(-8 - (-3))^2 + (5 - 0)^2} AD=(−5)2+(5)2AD = \sqrt{(-5)^2 + (5)^2} AD=25+25AD = \sqrt{25 + 25} AD=50=52 unitsAD = \sqrt{50} = 5\sqrt{2} \text{ units}
  3. Calculate the length of DE.

    The coordinates are D(−8;5)D(-8; 5) and E(−11;0)E(-11; 0).

    DE=(−11−(−8))2+(0−5)2DE = \sqrt{(-11 - (-8))^2 + (0 - 5)^2} DE=(−3)2+(−5)2DE = \sqrt{(-3)^2 + (-5)^2} DE=9+25DE = \sqrt{9 + 25} DE=34 unitsDE = \sqrt{34} \text{ units}
  4. Calculate the perimeter of △ADE\triangle ADE.

    Perimeter =AE+AD+DE= AE + AD + DE
    Perimeter =8+52+34= 8 + 5\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{34}
    Perimeter ≈8+7.0710678+5.8309519\approx 8 + 7.0710678 + 5.8309519
    Perimeter ≈20.9020197\approx 20.9020197
    Rounded to two decimal places, the perimeter is 20.90 units\boxed{20.90 \text{ units}}.

    3.2 It is given that F is the midpoint of AE.

    3.2.1 Give a reason why G is the midpoint of DE.
    In △ADE\triangle ADE, F is the midpoint of AE (given). We are also given that FG∥ADFG \parallel AD. According to the Midpoint Theorem (or Converse of Midpoint Theorem), if a line passes through the midpoint of one side of a triangle and is parallel to another side, then it bisects the third side. Therefore, G is the midpoint of DE.

    3.2.2 Hence, determine the coordinates of G.

  5. Use the midpoint formula for DE.

    The coordinates are D(−8;5)D(-8; 5) and E(−11;0)E(-11; 0).
    The midpoint formula is M=(x1+x22;y1+y22)M = \left(\frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}; \frac{y_1 + y_2}{2}\right).

    G=(−8+(−11)2;5+02)G = \left(\frac{-8 + (-11)}{2}; \frac{5 + 0}{2}\right) G=(−192;52)G = \left(\frac{-19}{2}; \frac{5}{2}\right)

    The coordinates of G are (−192;52) or (−9.5;2.5)\boxed{\left(-\frac{19}{2}; \frac{5}{2}\right) \text{ or } (-9.5; 2.5)}.

    3.2.3 Write down the length of FG.

  6. Apply the Midpoint Theorem.

    According to the Midpoint Theorem, the line segment connecting the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is half the length of the third side.
    FG=12ADFG = \frac{1}{2} AD.
    From 3.1, AD=52AD = 5\sqrt{2} units.

    FG=12(52)=522 unitsFG = \frac{1}{2} (5\sqrt{2}) = \boxed{\frac{5\sqrt{2}}{2} \text{ units}}

    3.2.4 Determine the equation of FG.

  7. Determine the coordinates of F.

    F is the midpoint of AE. The coordinates are A(−3;0)A(-3; 0) and E(−11;0)E(-11; 0).

    F=(−3+(−11)2;0+02)F = \left(\frac{-3 + (-11)}{2}; \frac{0 + 0}{2}\right) F=(−142;02)F = \left(\frac{-14}{2}; \frac{0}{2}\right) F=(−7;0)F = (-7; 0)
  8. Determine the gradient of FG.

    Since FG∥ADFG \parallel AD, their gradients are equal.
    The coordinates are A(−3;0)A(-3; 0) and D(−8;5)D(-8; 5).

    mAD=yD−yAxD−xA=5−0−8−(−3)=5−5=−1m_{AD} = \frac{y_D - y_A}{x_D - x_A} = \frac{5 - 0}{-8 - (-3)} = \frac{5}{-5} = -1

    So, mFG=−1m_{FG} = -1.

  9. Use the point-slope form to find the equation of FG.

    Using point F(−7;0)F(-7; 0) and mFG=−1m_{FG} = -1:

    y−yF=mFG(x−xF)y - y_F = m_{FG}(x - x_F) y−0=−1(x−(−7))y - 0 = -1(x - (-7)) y=−1(x+7)y = -1(x + 7) y=−x−7y = \boxed{-x - 7}

    3.3 Calculate the size of DA^OD\hat{A}O.

  10. Determine the gradient of AD.

    The coordinates are A(−3;0)A(-3; 0) and D(−8;5)D(-8; 5).

    mAD=5−0−8−(−3)=5−5=−1m_{AD} = \frac{5 - 0}{-8 - (-3)} = \frac{5}{-5} = -1
  11. Determine the inclination of AD.

    Let αAD\alpha_{AD} be the inclination of AD.

    tan⁡(αAD)=mAD=−1\tan(\alpha_{AD}) = m_{AD} = -1

    Since the gradient is negative, αAD\alpha_{AD} is in the second quadrant.

    αAD=180∘−arctan⁡(1)=180∘−45∘=135∘\alpha_{AD} = 180^\circ - \arctan(1) = 180^\circ - 45^\circ = 135^\circ
  12. Determine the inclination of AO.

    A is (−3;0)(-3; 0) and O is the origin (0;0)(0; 0). The line AO lies on the x-axis. Its inclination is 0∘0^\circ.

  13. Calculate the angle DA^OD\hat{A}O.

    The angle DA^OD\hat{A}O is the angle formed by the line segment AD with the negative x-axis (line segment AO).

    DA^O=180∘−αADD\hat{A}O = 180^\circ - \alpha_{AD} DA^O=180∘−135∘=45∘D\hat{A}O = 180^\circ - 135^\circ = \boxed{45^\circ}

    3.4 It is given that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and that the equation of CB is y=−12+533x+24+533y = \frac{-12+5\sqrt{3}}{3}x + \frac{24+5\sqrt{3}}{3}. Determine the coordinates of B.

  14. Use the property of a cyclic quadrilateral.

    In a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.
    Given BC^D=105∘B\hat{C}D = 105^\circ.
    Therefore, BA^D=180∘−BC^D=180∘−105∘=75∘B\hat{A}D = 180^\circ - B\hat{C}D = 180^\circ - 105^\circ = 75^\circ.

  15. Determine the gradient of AB.

    Let mABm_{AB} be the gradient of AB.
    From 3.3, the inclination of AD is αAD=135∘\alpha_{AD} = 135^\circ.
    The angle BA^D=75∘B\hat{A}D = 75^\circ. From the diagram, the line AB has an inclination less than that of AD.
    So, αAB=αAD−BA^D=135∘−75∘=60∘\alpha_{AB} = \alpha_{AD} - B\hat{A}D = 135^\circ - 75^\circ = 60^\circ.
    The gradient of AB is mAB=tan⁡(60∘)=3m_{AB} = \tan(60^\circ) = \sqrt{3}.

  16. Determine the equation of line AB.

    Line AB passes through A(−3;0)A(-3; 0) and has a gradient mAB=3m_{AB} = \sqrt{3}.
    Using the point-slope form y−yA=mAB(x−xA)y - y_A = m_{AB}(x - x_A):

    y−0=3(x−(−3))y - 0 = \sqrt{3}(x - (-3)) y=3(x+3)y = \sqrt{3}(x + 3) y=3x+33y = \sqrt{3}x + 3\sqrt{3}
  17. Find the coordinates of B by solving the system of equations for AB and CB.

    Equation of AB: y=3x+33y = \sqrt{3}x + 3\sqrt{3}
    Equation of CB: y=−12+533x+24+533y = \frac{-12+5\sqrt{3}}{3}x + \frac{24+5\sqrt{3}}{3}
    Set the y-values equal:

    3x+33=−12+533x+24+533\sqrt{3}x + 3\sqrt{3} = \frac{-12+5\sqrt{3}}{3}x + \frac{24+5\sqrt{3}}{3}

    Multiply the entire equation by 3 to clear the denominators:

    3(3x+33)=(−12+53)x+(24+53)3(\sqrt{3}x + 3\sqrt{3}) = (-12+5\sqrt{3})x + (24+5\sqrt{3}) 33x+93=−12x+53x+24+533\sqrt{3}x + 9\sqrt{3} = -12x + 5\sqrt{3}x + 24 + 5\sqrt{3}

    Rearrange to solve for x:

    33x+12x−53x=24+53−933\sqrt{3}x + 12x - 5\sqrt{3}x = 24 + 5\sqrt{3} - 9\sqrt{3} (33+12−53)x=24−43(3\sqrt{3} + 12 - 5\sqrt{3})x = 24 - 4\sqrt{3} (12−23)x=24−43(12 - 2\sqrt{3})x = 24 - 4\sqrt{3}

    Factor out common terms:

    2(6−3)x=4(6−3)2(6 - \sqrt{3})x = 4(6 - \sqrt{3})

    Divide both sides by 2(6−3)2(6 - \sqrt{3}):

    x=4(6−3)2(6−3)x = \frac{4(6 - \sqrt{3})}{2(6 - \sqrt{3})} x=2x = 2
  18. Substitute the value of x back into the equation of AB to find y.

    y=3(2)+33y = \sqrt{3}(2) + 3\sqrt{3} y=23+33y = 2\sqrt{3} + 3\sqrt{3} y=53y = 5\sqrt{3}

    The coordinates of B are (2;53)\boxed{(2; 5\sqrt{3})}.

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