Which pair constitutes only the immediate effects of earthquakes?

Step 1: Population growth models. Exponential growth (unlimited resources): (dN)/(dt) = rN where N = population size, r = intrinsic rate of increase (per capita growth rate). Graph: J-shaped curve. Logistic growth (limited resources): (dN)/(dt) = rN (1 - (N)/(K)) where K = carrying capacity (maximum population size environment supports). Graph: S-shaped (sigmoid) curve. Step 2: Question 26 - Which of the following is NOT a density-independent factor? Density-independent factors (abiotic, affect all individuals equally regardless of population density): droughts, floods, temperature extremes. Density-dependent factors (biotic/abundance effects, intensify with higher density): emigration (often due to overcrowding/competition). Options (from image): A. Droughts B. Floods C. Emigration D. Temperature (or similar abiotic). Answer: C C Step 3: Density-dependent vs. independent. Density-dependent: competition, predation, disease, emigration (rate increases with N). Per capita growth rate (1)/(N) (dN)/(dt) decreases as N K. Density-independent: weather events, affect (dN)/(dt) independent of N. Step 4: Graphs (typical for Q27-Q32). Exponential: straight line on semi-log plot, accelerating increase. Logistic: initial exponential, then levels at K. Exponential graph: J-shape Logistic graph: S-shape Step 5: Carrying capacity K. From logistic equation, equilibrium when (dN)/(dt) = 0: N = K. Graph: horizontal asymptote. K