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To find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve x² + y² = 11 at the point (3, 1).

Mathematics

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Answer

3x+y−10=03x + y - 10 = 0

x−3y=0x - 3y = 0

Graph of y = −3x + 10

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Key points of y = −3x + 10
Pointxy
y-intercept010
x-intercept3.330

Step-by-step solution

5 steps

The problem asks to find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve x2+y2=11x^2 + y^2 = 11 at the point (3,1)(3, 1).

  1. Find the derivative dydx\frac{dy}{dx} using implicit differentiation.

    The equation of the curve is x2+y2=11x^2 + y^2 = 11.
    Differentiate both sides with respect to xx:

    ddx(x2)+ddx(y2)=ddx(11)\frac{d}{dx}(x^2) + \frac{d}{dx}(y^2) = \frac{d}{dx}(11) 2x+2ydydx=02x + 2y \frac{dy}{dx} = 0 2ydydx=−2x2y \frac{dy}{dx} = -2x dydx=−2x2y\frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{2x}{2y} dydx=−xy\frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{x}{y}
  2. Calculate the slope of the tangent at the given point $(3, 1)$.

    Substitute x=3x=3 and y=1y=1 into the derivative:

    mtangent=dydx∣(3,1)=−31=−3m_{\text{tangent}} = \frac{dy}{dx} \Big|_{(3,1)} = -\frac{3}{1} = -3
  3. Find the equation of the tangent line.

    The equation of a line is y−y1=m(x−x1)y - y_1 = m(x - x_1).
    Using the point (x1,y1)=(3,1)(x_1, y_1) = (3, 1) and slope mtangent=−3m_{\text{tangent}} = -3:

    y−1=−3(x−3)y - 1 = -3(x - 3) y−1=−3x+9y - 1 = -3x + 9 y=−3x+10y = -3x + 10

    Rearrange into the standard form Ax+By+C=0Ax + By + C = 0:

    3x+y−10=03x + y - 10 = 0
  4. Calculate the slope of the normal line.

    The normal line is perpendicular to the tangent line. The product of their slopes is −1-1.

    mnormal=−1mtangentm_{\text{normal}} = -\frac{1}{m_{\text{tangent}}} mnormal=−1−3=13m_{\text{normal}} = -\frac{1}{-3} = \frac{1}{3}
  5. Find the equation of the normal line.

    Using the point (x1,y1)=(3,1)(x_1, y_1) = (3, 1) and slope mnormal=13m_{\text{normal}} = \frac{1}{3}:

    y−1=13(x−3)y - 1 = \frac{1}{3}(x - 3)

    Multiply by 3 to clear the fraction:

    3(y−1)=x−33(y - 1) = x - 3 3y−3=x−33y - 3 = x - 3 3y=x3y = x

    Rearrange into the standard form Ax+By+C=0Ax + By + C = 0:

    x−3y=0x - 3y = 0

    The equation of the tangent line is 3x+y−10=0\boxed{3x + y - 10 = 0}.
    The equation of the normal line is x−3y=0\boxed{x - 3y = 0}.

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