1a) What are the benefits of tobacco curing? 1b) What is the primary purpose of tanning? 1c) State briefly what happens when paper products is suggested by microbial enzymes? 1d) List three vital measures you may deploy to tackle concrete biodeterioration. 1e) Name three sources of contamination of drugs.

1a: Primary purpose of enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts, primarily proteins (some RNA), that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy. They enable metabolic reactions to occur at physiological temperatures and pH. Final answer: Catalyze biochemical reactions efficiently and specifically. 1b: What happens when the enzyme product is digested by microbes When the product of an enzyme reaction is further digested by microbial enzymes, it undergoes sequential degradation. Microbes use their own enzymes to break down the product into simpler compounds, often leading to complete mineralization (e.g., to CO_2, H_2O, NH_3). This is common in microbial metabolism of drugs or substrates, where initial enzyme products are substrates for subsequent enzymes. 1c/d: List three visible measures (of microbial contamination/degradation, assumed) 1. Turbidity or cloudiness in liquid media. 2. Color change due to pigment production or substrate alteration. 3. Formation of pellicle, sediment, or gas bubbles. 1e: Three sources of contamination of drugs 1. Airborne microbes and particles. 2. Water used in formulation. 3. Human personnel (skin, respiratory tract). 2a: Difference between biodetoxification and biodegradation Biodetoxification: Microbial transformation of a toxic compound into a less toxic or non-toxic form, often partial modification (e.g., hydroxylation of a pesticide to reduce toxicity). Biodegradation: Complete microbial breakdown of organic compounds into inorganic products like CO_2, water, methane, etc. Key difference: Biodetoxification focuses on toxicity reduction (may not be complete breakdown), while biodegradation implies mineralization. 2b: What is biodegradation? Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) decompose complex organic substances into simpler inorganic molecules through enzymatic action. Types of biodegradation: 1. Aerobic biodegradation: Uses oxygen as electron acceptor, yielding CO_2 and H_2O. 2. Anaobic biodegradation: In absence of oxygen, yields CH_4, CO_2$, etc. Biodegraders' chemical metabolic activities: Categories of chemicals and a type each (assumed interpretation) Categories based on compounds degraded: 1. Hydrocarbons: e.g., Pseudomonas degrades alkanes. 2. Pesticides: e.g., Bacillus degrades DDT. 3. Plastics: e.g., Ideonella sakaiensis degrades PET. Final answers bolded above.