Refer to the FIGURE showing Berg winds over South Africa. In which season does South Africa experience Bergwinds?

1.4 Season in which Berg winds are evident over South Africa according to the figure Step 1: Berg winds typically occur when high pressure dominates the interior in winter months (May–August in South Africa). Step 2: The figure shows the wind pattern consistent with winter conditions. Winter 1.5 Synoptic conditions evident in the figure that led to the development of Berg winds (2 marks) Step 1: High pressure system (H) located over the Central Plateau. Step 2: Low pressure system (L) located over the Great Escarpment. These create a pressure gradient forcing air downslope from the plateau to the coast. 1.6 Reason why the interior experiences the temperature characteristics of Berg winds (2 marks) Step 1: Air from the high pressure over the cool interior plateau flows towards the low pressure. Step 2: As air descends the Great Escarpment (Drakensberg), it undergoes adiabatic compression, warming significantly (foehn effect). Step 3: This results in hot, dry conditions (temperatures often exceed 30^C) in the interior lowlands. Adiabatic warming due to descending air over the escarpment 1.4.3 Temperature characteristics of Berg winds over the Drakensberg (2 marks) Step 1: Air cools slightly on the windward (eastern) side of the Drakensberg due to orographic lift. Step 2: Very dry and warm/hot on the leeward (western) side after descent. Hot (above 25^C), dry (low humidity <20%), gusty 1.4.4 Impacts of Berg winds on coastal areas and health in South Africa (4 marks) Step 1: On coastal areas – brings extreme heat and low humidity, increasing bushfire risk and drying out vegetation. Step 2: Disrupts normal sea breezes, leading to heatwaves along the coast. Step 3: On health – exacerbates respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma) due to dry air carrying dust/pollutants; heat stress causes dehydration and heatstroke. Step 4: Increases fire-related injuries and smoke inhalation issues. Heatwaves, fire risk on coast; respiratory/heat-related health problems 1.4.5 Two ways farmers can employ to prevent the spread of veld fires caused by Berg winds (2 marks) Step 1: Create firebreaks (wide cleared strips around fields). Step 2: Implement controlled burning or grazing to reduce fuel load before wind events. Firebreaks; controlled burning 1.4.6 Synoptic system from which Berg winds are evident (2 marks) Step 1: Continental high pressure ridge over interior plateau. Step 2: Associated with coastal low or trough to the east/southeast. Interior high pressure and coastal low