Health Economics Demand schedule and demand curve Movement along the demand curve and shift in supply curve Supply schedule and supply curve Law of demand and supply Communicable disease and control Emerging and re-emerging diseases -SARS -Avian flu -Leprosy -Ebola -Swine flu -Rift valley flu

Question 1: Health Economics Demand schedule and demand curve

In health economics, a demand schedule is a table that shows the quantities of a healthcare service or good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices, assuming all other factors remain constant. A demand curve is a graphical representation of this demand schedule, illustrating the inverse relationship between the price of a healthcare service and the quantity demanded.

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Question 2: Movement along the demand curve and shift in supply curve

A movement along the demand curve occurs when the quantity demanded of a good or service changes solely due to a change in its own price, with all other factors held constant. This is represented by moving from one point to another on the same demand curve. A shift in the supply curve, however, occurs when the entire supply curve moves either to the left (decrease in supply) or to the right (increase in supply) due to a change in a non-price determinant of supply, such as technology, input costs, or government regulations.

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Question 3: Supply schedule and supply curve

A supply schedule is a table that lists the quantities of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices, assuming all other factors remain constant. A supply curve is a graphical representation of this supply schedule, illustrating the direct relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity supplied.

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Question 4: Law of demand and supply

The Law of Demand states that, all else being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and conversely, as the price decreases, the quantity demanded increases. The Law of Supply states that, all else being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity supplied increases, and conversely, as the price decreases, the quantity supplied decreases.

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Question 5: Communicable disease and control

A communicable disease is an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxic product that can be transmitted from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host. Control methods include vaccination, improved sanitation and hygiene, isolation and quarantine, vector control, and antimicrobial treatment.

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Question 6: Emerging and re-emerging diseases -SARS -Avian flu -Leprosy -Ebola -Swine flu -Rift valley flu

Emerging diseases are newly identified and previously unknown infectious diseases that cause public health problems, while re-emerging diseases are those that were once a major health problem, declined, but are now increasing in incidence again.

• SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): An emerging viral respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus, first identified in 2002.
• Avian flu (e.g., H5N1, H7N9): An emerging influenza virus primarily affecting birds but capable of sporadic transmission to humans, with pandemic potential.
• Leprosy: A re-emerging chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affecting skin, nerves, and the upper respiratory tract.
• Ebola: An emerging severe, often fatal, viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Ebola virus.
• Swine flu (e.g., H1N1): An emerging influenza virus that originated in pigs but caused a human pandemic in 2009.
• Rift Valley fever (RVF): An emerging viral zoonotic disease primarily affecting animals but can cause severe illness in humans, transmitted by mosquitoes or contact with infected animal tissues.