Primary vs. Secondary data • Methods of collecting primary data (interviews, observation) • Questionnaires and schedules • Census vs. Sample surveys • Sampling techniques (Random, Stratified, Quota, Multistage

Question 1: Primary vs. Secondary data

Primary data is original data collected directly by the researcher for a specific purpose, while secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose and is being used by the researcher.

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Question 2: Methods of collecting primary data (interviews, observation)

Interviews involve direct verbal communication between the researcher and respondents to gather information, which can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. Observation involves systematically watching and recording behaviors, events, or characteristics in their natural setting without direct interaction with the subjects.

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Question 3: Questionnaires and schedules

A questionnaire is a set of questions designed to gather information from respondents, typically filled out by the respondents themselves. A schedule is also a set of questions, but it is filled out by an enumerator or interviewer who asks the questions directly to the respondent and records their answers.

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Question 4: Census vs. Sample surveys

A census involves collecting data from every single unit or individual in the entire population. A sample survey involves collecting data from a subset (a sample) of the population, which is then used to make inferences about the entire population.

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Question 5: Sampling techniques (Random, Stratified, Quota, Multistage)

• Random sampling (Simple Random Sampling): Every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected for the sample.
• Stratified sampling: The population is divided into homogeneous subgroups (strata), and then a random sample is drawn from each stratum.
• Quota sampling: The population is divided into subgroups based on certain characteristics, and then a non-random sample is selected from each subgroup until a predetermined quota for each subgroup is met.
• Multistage sampling: The sampling process is carried out in stages, where larger units are sampled first, and then smaller units within the selected larger units are sampled.