9. Evaluating whether employees are rewarded fairly according to effort exemplifies the principle of Equity. This principle emphasizes fairness and justice in treatment, including compensation and rewards. The correct option is A. A. Equity 10. Comparing centralized versus decentralized decision-making highlights the principle of Centralization. This principle refers to the degree to which decision-making authority is concentrated at the top levels of an organization. The correct option is B. B. Centralization 11. Encouraging teamwork and morale to improve performance demonstrates the principle of Esprit de Corps. This principle emphasizes fostering team spirit, unity, and harmony among employees. The correct option is A. A. Esprit de Corps 12. Analyzing whether departmental goals align with organizational objectives reflects the principle of Unity of Direction. This principle states that there should be one head and one plan for a group of activities having the same objective, ensuring all efforts are coordinated towards a common goal. The correct option is A. A. Unity of Direction 13. Resolving conflicts between individual and organizational interests demonstrates the principle of Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest. This principle states that the interests of the organization as a whole should take precedence over the interests of any one individual or group. The correct option is A. A. Subordination of Individual Interest 14. Assessing if employees can propose new ideas reflects the principle of Initiative. This principle encourages employees to think independently, propose new ideas, and take action without excessive supervision. The correct option is A. A. Initiative 15. Analyzing whether jobs are clearly defined and properly allocated reflects the principle of Order. This principle emphasizes having a place for everything and everyone, and everything and everyone in their proper place, which includes clear job definitions and allocation. The correct option is A. A. Order 16. Choosing between alternative strategies based on risks and benefits demonstrates Strategic analysis. This involves evaluating various long-term options, considering their potential risks and benefits, to achieve organizational goals. The correct option is A. A. Strategic analysis 17. Comparing short-term versus long-term objectives reflects Strategic vs. Operational planning analysis. Strategic planning deals with long-term objectives, while operational planning focuses on short-term objectives and daily activities. The correct option is A. A. Strategic vs. Operational 18. Evaluating past project outcomes to inform future decisions exemplifies the Controlling function. This management function involves monitoring performance, comparing it to standards, identifying deviations, and taking corrective actions, which includes learning from past results. The correct option is C. C. Controlling 19. Analyzing whether departmental plans align with organizational goals examines Unity of Direction. This principle ensures that all departmental plans are consistent and contribute to the overall organizational objectives. The correct option is B. B. Unity of Direction