Explain TWO core characteristics of useful financial information.

Huu hapa ni utatuzi wa maswali yako:

a) Sifa mbili kuu za taarifa muhimu za kifedha ni:

• Umuhimu (Relevance): Taarifa za kifedha ni muhimu ikiwa zina uwezo wa kuathiri maamuzi ya watumiaji. Hii inamaanisha kuwa zinaweza kutoa thamani ya utabiri (predictive value) na thamani ya uthibitisho (confirmatory value) kwa watumiaji.
• Uwakilishi Sahihi (Faithful Representation): Taarifa za kifedha zinawakilisha kwa uaminifu matukio ya kiuchumi zinazodai kuwakilisha. Hii inamaanisha kuwa taarifa hizo ni kamili (complete), zisizo na upendeleo (neutral), na zisizo na makosa (free from error).

b)
Upendo Traders
Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31 December 2025

$$\begin{array}{lrr} \text{Maelezo} & \text{Sh. '000'} & \text{Sh. '000'} \\ \hline \text{Mauzo} & & 480,000 \\ \text{Punguza: Gharama ya Mauzo} & & \\ \quad \text{Hesabu ya Kufungua (1 Jan 2025)} & 42,000 & \\ \quad \text{Manunuzi (240,000 - 5,000)} & 235,000 & \\ \quad \text{Gharama za Usafirishaji wa Bidhaa (8,000 - 1,200)} & 6,800 & \\ \quad \text{Bidhaa Zinazopatikana kwa Mauzo} & 283,800 & \\ \quad \text{Punguza: Hesabu ya Kufunga (31 Des 2025)} & (36,000) & \\ \quad \text{Gharama ya Mauzo} & & (247,800) \\ \text{Faida Ghafi} & & 232,200 \\ \text{Ongeza: Mapato Mengine} & & \\ \quad \text{Punguzo Lililopokelewa} & & 7,000 \\ \text{Jumla ya Mapato} & & 239,200 \\ \text{Punguza: Gharama za Uendeshaji} & & \\ \quad \text{Mishahara na Malipo (54,000 + 6,000)} & 60,000 & \\ \quad \text{Taa na Joto (12,000 - 2,000)} & 10,000 & \\ \quad \text{Gharama za Jumla (18,000 - 3,000)} & 15,000 & \\ \quad \text{Uchakavu wa Samani (10\% ya 91,200)} & 9,120 & \\ \quad \text{Posho ya Madeni Mabaya (5\% ya 60,000)} & 3,000 & \\ \quad \text{Jumla ya Gharama za Uendeshaji} & & (97,120) \\ \text{Faida Halisi kwa Mwaka} & & \boxed{\text{Sh. }\textbf{142,080,000}} \\ \hline \end{array}$$

Upendo Traders
Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2025

$$\begin{array}{lrr} \text{Maelezo} & \text{Sh. '000'} & \text{Sh. '000'} \\ \hline \textbf{Mali Zisizohamishika} & & \\ \quad \text{Majengo} & 180,000 & \\ \quad \text{Samani (90,000 + 1,200)} & 91,200 & \\ \quad \text{Punguza: Uchakavu Uliokusanywa} & (9,120) & \\ \quad \text{Samani (Thamani Halisi)} & & 82,080 \\ \text{Jumla ya Mali Zisizohamishika} & & 262,080 \\ \textbf{Mali za Sasa} & & \\ \quad \text{Hesabu ya Kufunga (31 Des 2025)} & 36,000 & \\ \quad \text{Wadaiwa wa Biashara (60,000 - 3,000)} & 57,000 & \\ \quad \text{Benki} & 27,000 & \\ \quad \text{Taa na Joto Lililolipwa Kabla} & 2,000 & \\ \text{Jumla ya Mali za Sasa} & & 122,000 \\ \textbf{Jumla ya Mali} & & \boxed{\text{Sh. }\textbf{384,080,000}} \\ \hline \textbf{Usawa na Madeni} & & \\ \textbf{Usawa} & & \\ \quad \text{Mtaji (1 Jan 2025)} & 250,000 & \\ \quad \text{Ongeza: Faida Halisi kwa Mwaka} & 142,080 & \\ \quad \text{Punguza: Michoro (36,000 + 3,000 + 5,000)} & (44,000) & \\ \text{Mtaji (31 Des 2025)} & & 348,080 \\ \textbf{Madeni ya Sasa} & & \\ \quad \text{Wapewa wa Biashara} & 30,000 & \\ \quad \text{Mishahara na Malipo Yaliyokusanywa} & 6,000 & \\ \text{Jumla ya Madeni ya Sasa} & & 36,000 \\ \textbf{Jumla ya Usawa na Madeni} & & \boxed{\text{Sh. }\textbf{384,080,000}} \\ \hline \end{array}$$