1. Two ways by which Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) virus is transmitted are:
This biology question covers important biological concepts and processes. The step-by-step explanation below helps you understand the underlying mechanisms and reasoning.
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Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Two ways by which Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) virus is transmitted are:
Unprotected sexual intercourse.
Sharing contaminated needles.
From mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
Blood transfusions with contaminated blood.
Any two of the above are acceptable.*
2. The path taken by carbon dioxide released from the tissue of an animal to the atmosphere is:
Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells into the blood plasma*.
It is transported by blood to the lungs*.
In the lungs, it diffuses from the blood into the alveoli*.
From the alveoli, it travels through the bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and nasal cavity/mouth* to be exhaled into the atmosphere.
3. a) Excessive bleeding may result in death due to a significant drop in blood pressure and blood volume, leading to insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply to vital organs, causing organ failure and hypovolemic shock.
b) The process by which the human body naturally stops bleeding is called blood clotting or hemostasis.
c) Low blood volume can be brought back to normal by intravenous fluid administration (e.g., saline solution) or blood transfusion.
4. People with blood group O are universal donors because their red blood cells lack both A and B antigens on their surface. This means their blood will not trigger an immune response (agglutination) in recipients with A, B, or AB blood types, as there are no antigens for the recipient's antibodies to attack.
5. A person whose blood group is AB requires a blood transfusion. The blood group(s) of the donors can be A, B, AB, or O. This is because AB individuals have both A and B antigens and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies, making them universal recipients.
6. a) The type of circulatory system found in members of the class in which humans belong (Mammalia) is a closed, double circulatory system.
b) The blood vessel that transports blood from:
i) Small intestines to the liver is the hepatic portal vein*.
ii) Lungs to the heart is the pulmonary vein*.
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