How do aspirin and prednisolone cause peptic ulcer disease?

Here's how these drugs cause peptic ulcer disease:

a) Aspirin
Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that causes peptic ulcer disease primarily by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzymes. COX-1 is responsible for producing prostaglandins that protect the gastric mucosa by increasing mucus and bicarbonate secretion and maintaining mucosal blood flow. By inhibiting COX-1, aspirin reduces these protective prostaglandins, leading to increased acid secretion and decreased mucosal defense, making the stomach lining susceptible to damage and ulcer formation.

b) Prednisolone
Prednisolone, a corticosteroid, can contribute to peptic ulcer disease by several mechanisms. It can increase the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, which are aggressive factors in the stomach. Additionally, corticosteroids can impair the synthesis of protective prostaglandins and reduce the proliferation of gastric mucosal cells, thereby weakening the stomach's natural defenses and hindering the healing of any existing damage.