Differentiate Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Antibiotics.

Question 1

Answer · 2026-03-25T08:53:18.727Z

Here are the answers to the biology questions: SECTION-I 2. Attempt any five parts. (i) Make a list of the parts of air passageway. The air passageway includes the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. (ii) Compare right and left lungs of humans. The right lung is larger and has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior), separated by two fissures. The left lung is smaller, has two lobes (superior, inferior), separated by one fissure, and contains the cardiac notch to accommodate the heart. (iii) Define bronchitis and write the name of its types. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs. Its types are acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis. (iv) Write symptoms of emphysema. Symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath (dyspnea), chronic cough, wheezing, chest tightness, and increased mucus production. (v) Define Homeostasis and give one example. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism despite changes in the external environment. An example is the regulation of body temperature in humans, maintaining approximately 37^. 3. Attempt any five parts. (i) Define Cartilage and write the name of its two types. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, providing support and reducing friction. Two types are hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. (ii) What are Hinge joints? Give two examples. Hinge joints are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one plane, similar to a door hinge. Examples include the elbow joint and the knee joint. (iii) Explain tissue culture and cloning. Tissue culture is a method of growing cells, tissues, or organs in an artificial medium outside the organism. Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals or copies of cells or DNA fragments. (iv) Define germination. Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. In plants, it typically refers to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed, involving the emergence of the radicle and plumule. (v) How nucleosome is formed? A nucleosome is formed when a segment of DNA is wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins (two copies each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). This structure helps compact DNA into the nucleus. 4. Attempt any five parts. (i) Why producers are important in ecosystem? Producers (autotrophs) are crucial because they convert light energy into organic compounds through photosynthesis, forming the base of almost all food chains and providing energy and nutrients for all other trophic levels. (ii) Write two ways of nitrogen fixation. Two ways of nitrogen fixation are: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen gas (N_2) is converted into nitrates by lightning or UV radiation. 2. Biological nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium). (iii) Define commensalism. Give an example. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. An example is barnacles attaching to whales; the barnacles get a place to live and filter feed, while the whale is unaffected. (iv) How smog is formed? Give its one bad effect. Smog is formed when pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in the atmosphere with sunlight. One bad effect is respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis. (v) What is the role of biotechnology in environmental issues? Biotechnology plays a role in environmental issues by developing solutions such as bioremediation (using microorganisms to clean up pollutants), producing biofuels to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and creating genetically modified organisms for pest resistance. SECTION-II 5. Attempt any two questions. (A) Explain function of kidney. The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and regulating blood pressure. They produce urine, which excretes metabolic wastes like urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and also play a role in red blood cell production and bone health. (B) Skeletal muscles usually work as antagonistic pair. Explain the antagonistic movement of biceps and triceps muscles in our upper arm. Skeletal muscles often work in antagonistic pairs, meaning that when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes to produce movement. In the upper arm, the biceps and triceps are an antagonistic pair. When the biceps contracts, it pulls the forearm upwards (flexion), while the triceps relaxes. Conversely, when the triceps contracts, it pulls the forearm downwards (extension), while the biceps relaxes. This coordinated action allows for controlled movement of the arm. 6. Attempt any two questions. (A) Write a note on Peripheral Nervous System. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. It is divided into the somatic nervous system (controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information) and the autonomic nervous system (regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion). The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. (B) Explain Epigeal and Hypogeal germination. Epigeal germination is a type of seed germination where the hypocotyl elongates, pushing the cotyledons and plumule above the soil surface, allowing the cotyledons to become photosynthetic. An example is bean germination. Hypogeal germination is a type of seed germination where the epicotyl elongates, and the cot

Question 2

Here are the answers to the biology questions: SECTION-I 2. Attempt any five parts. (i) Make a list of the parts of air passageway. The air passageway includes the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. (ii) Compare right and left lungs of humans. The right lung is larger and has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior), separated by two fissures. The left lung is smaller, has two lobes (superior, inferior), separated by one fissure, and contains the cardiac notch to accommodate the heart. (iii) Define bronchitis and write the name of its types. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs. Its types are acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis. (iv) Write symptoms of emphysema. Symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath (dyspnea), chronic cough, wheezing, chest tightness, and increased mucus production. (v) Define Homeostasis and give one example. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism despite changes in the external environment. An example is the regulation of body temperature in humans, maintaining approximately 37^. 3. Attempt any five parts. (i) Define Cartilage and write the name of its two types. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, providing support and reducing friction. Two types are hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. (ii) What are Hinge joints? Give two examples. Hinge joints are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one plane, similar to a door hinge. Examples include the elbow joint and the knee joint. (iii) Explain tissue culture and cloning. Tissue culture is a method of growing cells, tissues, or organs in an artificial medium outside the organism. Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals or copies of cells or DNA fragments. (iv) Define germination. Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. In plants, it typically refers to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed, involving the emergence of the radicle and plumule. (v) How nucleosome is formed? A nucleosome is formed when a segment of DNA is wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins (two copies each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). This structure helps compact DNA into the nucleus. 4. Attempt any five parts. (i) Why producers are important in ecosystem? Producers (autotrophs) are crucial because they convert light energy into organic compounds through photosynthesis, forming the base of almost all food chains and providing energy and nutrients for all other trophic levels. (ii) Write two ways of nitrogen fixation. Two ways of nitrogen fixation are: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen gas (N_2) is converted into nitrates by lightning or UV radiation. 2. Biological nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium). (iii) Define commensalism. Give an example. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. An example is barnacles attaching to whales; the barnacles get a place to live and filter feed, while the whale is unaffected. (iv) How smog is formed? Give its one bad effect. Smog is formed when pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in the atmosphere with sunlight. One bad effect is respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis. (v) What is the role of biotechnology in environmental issues? Biotechnology plays a role in environmental issues by developing solutions such as bioremediation (using microorganisms to clean up pollutants), producing biofuels to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and creating genetically modified organisms for pest resistance. SECTION-II 5. Attempt any two questions. (A) Explain function of kidney. The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and regulating blood pressure. They produce urine, which excretes metabolic wastes like urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and also play a role in red blood cell production and bone health. (B) Skeletal muscles usually work as antagonistic pair. Explain the antagonistic movement of biceps and triceps muscles in our upper arm. Skeletal muscles often work in antagonistic pairs, meaning that when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes to produce movement. In the upper arm, the biceps and triceps are an antagonistic pair. When the biceps contracts, it pulls the forearm upwards (flexion), while the triceps relaxes. Conversely, when the triceps contracts, it pulls the forearm downwards (extension), while the biceps relaxes. This coordinated action allows for controlled movement of the arm. 6. Attempt any two questions. (A) Write a note on Peripheral Nervous System. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. It is divided into the somatic nervous system (controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information) and the autonomic nervous system (regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion). The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. (B) Explain Epigeal and Hypogeal germination. Epigeal germination is a type of seed germination where the hypocotyl elongates, pushing the cotyledons and plumule above the soil surface, allowing the cotyledons to become photosynthetic. An example is bean germination. Hypogeal germination is a type of seed germination where the epicotyl elongates, and the cot

Differentiate Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Antibiotics.

Still stuck on this one?

More Biology Questions