Describe endoparasites of cattle, pest control methods, and calculate the properties of Atom Q (mass number, electron configuration, ion type).

Hey Desmond, good to see you again. 5. a) (i) Three examples of endoparasites of cattle: • Liver fluke • Tapeworm • Roundworm (e.g., Ascaris) (ii) Two methods of controlling pests of cattle: • Drenching (administering anthelmintics for internal parasites) • Dipping (immersing cattle in a solution to kill external parasites like ticks) b) (i) A formula mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in one formula unit of the compound. It is used for ionic compounds. (ii) Atom Q has 12 neutrons and 11 protons: (a) Calculate its mass number. Step 1: Recall that mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons Mass number = 11 + 12 = 23 The mass number is 23. (b) Write its electron configuration. Step 1: For a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. Number of electrons = 11. Step 2: Distribute electrons into shells. The electron configuration is 2, 8, 1. (c) What type of ion will Q form in a compound? Step 1: An atom with 1 valence electron tends to lose that electron to achieve a stable octet. Step 2: Losing one electron results in a +1 charge. Atom Q will form a positive ion (cation) with a +1 charge (Q^+). c) (i) Two ways by which humans could be protected from harmful effects of radioactivity: • Shielding: Using dense materials like lead or concrete to absorb radiation. • Distance: Increasing the distance from the radioactive source, as radiation intensity decreases with distance. • Time: Limiting the duration of exposure to radioactive sources. (ii) Three uses of radioisotopes: • Medical diagnosis and treatment: For example, Iodine-131 for thyroid disorders or Cobalt-60 for cancer therapy. • Carbon dating: Determining the age of ancient artifacts and fossils. • Industrial tracers: Detecting leaks in pipes or monitoring wear in machinery. d) Five effects of climate change on humans: • Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (e.g., heatwaves, floods, droughts, storms). • Sea-level rise, leading to coastal flooding and displacement of populations. • Impacts on food security due to changes in agricultural yields and water availability. • Increased health risks from heat stress, vector-borne diseases, and respiratory problems. • Displacement and migration of communities due to uninhabitable conditions. 6. a) (i) Alkanoates are organic compounds formed from the reaction of an alkanol (alcohol) and an alkanoic acid (carboxylic acid), with the general formula RCOOR'. They are also known as esters. (ii) Three uses of alkanoates: • As flavorings in food and beverages (e.g., ethyl ethanoate for pear drops). • In perfumes and cosmetics due to their pleasant fruity smells. • As solvents in industries, for example, in paints, varnishes, and glues. b) (i) Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks, soil, and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, biota, and waters. It can be physical, chemical, or biological. (ii) Three ways of maintaining soil fertility on a sloppy land: • Terracing: Creating level steps or platforms on slopes to reduce water runoff and soil erosion. • Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of the land to create ridges that trap water and prevent soil erosion. • Cover cropping: Planting non-cash crops (cover crops) to protect the soil from erosion, add organic matter, and improve soil structure. c) (i) Two reasons why genetic variation is important in living organisms: • Adaptation: It provides the raw material for natural selection, allowing populations to adapt to changing environmental conditions and survive. • Evolution: It drives evolutionary change, leading to the development of new species over time. (ii) Three examples of genetic variations in humans: • Blood groups (e.g., A, B, AB, O). • Eye color (e.g., blue, brown, green). • Hair color (e.g., black, brown, blonde, red). d) (i) Archimedes' principle states that when an object is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. (ii) A boat of volume 200 m³ floats on sea water of density 10.30 kg m⁻³. Calculate the upthrust of the sea water on the boat. [g = 10 m s⁻²] Assumption: The density of sea water given as 10.30 kg m⁻³ is likely a typo and should be 1030 kg m⁻³. I will use 1030 kg m⁻³. Also, for a floating object, the upthrust equals the weight of the displaced fluid. Since the boat is floating, the upthrust is equal to the weight of the boat. However, we are given the volume of the boat and asked for the upthrust. In such problems, it is often implied that the given volume is the volume of water displaced by the boat when it floats. Step 1: Identify the given values. Volume of water displaced, V = 200\, m^3 Density of sea water, = 1030\, kg m^-3 (corrected from 10.30 kg m⁻³) Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10\, m s^-2 Step 2: Apply the formula for upthrust (buoyant force). Upthrust = × V × g Step 3: Substitute the values and calculate. Upthrust = (1030\, kg m^-3) × (200\, m^3) × (10\, m s^-2) Upthrust = 2060000\, N The upthrust of the sea water on the boat is 2,060,000 N. What's next?